Marketing Plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Marketing Plan - Research Paper Example For instance, the provision of primary care to them needs to address their varied needs. N-generation has never experienced the pre-internet world and is already technology focused. This means that the primary care services need to incorporate the technological aspect of it for it to thrive in this market. On the other hand, Baby Boomers and generation X embraces both the physical and technological aspects of the services, although they are not technologically inclined. However, they prefer high quality services since they have preference for value for their money. Therefore, the paper will discuss the marketing plan for a primary care business to be situated in the suburb of Washington DC that mainly consists of Baby Boomers, generation X and N-generation. The research document will further highlight a plan of office requirements for these generations. The community is comprised of Baby Boomers, generation X and N-generation white-collar workers, mostly employed by high-tech and consulting firms, thus the need to come up with an all inclusive office plan that takes care the interests of these generations. According to ONeill (2009), we are living in an era where office design is completely dominated by the Baby Boomer’s worldview. However, currently almost 50 % of the workforce comprises of generation Y. Since generation X is very active, they a need working place that is very engaging. For Baby Boomers and N-white collar professionals, their workstations need to be installed with high-tech equipment since they have really embraced technology. Many departments would be communicating with each other. Therefore, the office needs to be built in way that it offers facility to work in multiple states. This is something that has been embraced by Baby Boomers and N-white collar professionals. Most of them need offices that offer a coustic privacy to their activities. For both generations, having quality-meeting rooms is considered very crucial. Hey also need

Marriage and Dowry Essay Example for Free

Marriage and Dowry Essay Woman a daughter, a sister, a wife and a grandmother, throughout her life she dreams of having a wonderful life, a life to see to it that her marks in the school will make her parents happy, a life to see to it that her husband stays healthy, a life to see to it that her children study for their exams and a life to die seeing others happy. She cares for others, more than herself, then why we see her so much vulnerable in every moment of her life. So many issues to talk about women, rape being the most popular issue on women in the present time, almost all the women, in India, are vulnerable to this offence. But just like rape, the dowry system has affected the women psychologically, physically and emotionally. The dowry system kills her like a slow poison. The custom of dowry, in India, has spread through the hierarchy of social stratification. Several feminists suggest that the practice was initially adopted by the upper castes, then over a period of time it has been passed down into lower castes, and eventually reaches the untouchables, the outcasts. As the sociological studies suggests, often lower groups intend to copy there dominant group in there society. India ranks 136, in Human Development Index, among 187 counties around the world. This show, the people in India are in very bad condition and more than half of the population lives in poverty. The reason for poverty in India, if we look historically, it is because of the caste system, which restricted half of the population, in India, to develop, as even in present time 66% of Dalits are poor, and if we look in present time, education has deprived the poor from getting a better standards of living. It is these poorer sections as well as the middle class of our country who, not being educated and having good standard of living are still governed by old customs and traditions and continue to practise the dowry system, were in the name of gifting the groom the bride’s family is put into debt. But even in many rich families too, this system is being followed, even though they are well educated. The sums of cash and goods involved, as dowry, are often so large that the payment can lead to vicious cycle of debt in the bridal family. This has a very bad effect on the lives of unmarried women who are considered as economic liabilities by their parents, this leads to preference of boy over girl, leading to female infanticide and among the married women; they are physically and mentally harmed by their husbands and his family members, if promised dowry are not forthcoming. Modernization in India has became a barrier to many customs to be continued, like the caste system, the child marriage etc. but modernization has also lead to increase in practise of certain customs which were restricted to certain communities, as mentioned above. When we see caste, dowry and modernization, they are all inter linked with each other. With modernization, individual is not restricted to do his caste occupation and has chances to have good standard of living. Since new income and earning opportunities, brought about by modernization, are predominantly filled by men, there price tag of dowry increased. After analysing the historical developments of dowry system among the people in India, who are governed under Hindu law, now let us look at the Muslims, who are the 2nd largest population in India. Despite the fact that Islam’s beauty lies in simplicity and it recommends simple marriage, some transgressions such as dowry have crept into Muslim society in a wide range. When we look through Quran, we come across â€Å"Mahr†. According to â€Å"mahr† it is a mandatory payment, in the form of money or possessions paid by the groom, or by grooms father, to the bride at the time of marriage that legally becomes bride’s property. But as time has passed by, Muslims have changed their character and are following their Hindu counterparts in demanding and offering dowry both, in heavy cash and kind. The competition among the rich and well-to-do section of the Muslim community to reserve a good match for their daughters for whatever the demand is, has increased. Education has hardly has any influence on the minds of the people in respect of dowry. On the contrary, a highly educated man expects a higher amount of dowry, just as it happens among the Hindus. The violence committed on women, for dowry, has increased in recent times. If we observe properly, as to why this dowry violence takes place, we can see a broader picture. The reason for dowry is mainly because the women are seen as less productive than man, concept of dowry itself shows that one’s gender determines one’s worth. The roots of this deficiency can be seen were even a bride, who may be well educated and earning than her husband, will still have to pay the dowry price, just like the other bride who is not educated and not earning. And in some instances too, were even if demands for dowry were to be satisfied fully, young women would continue to face torture and harassment in their in-laws homes because of women’s custom-sanctioned-inferiority. Dowry deaths are example of patriarchal authority. In some cases, the patriarchal authority expresses itself by murdering the young women by burning with kerosene (most frequent in urban areas) or drowning (common in rural areas). Other methods employed to murder include poisoning and physical battery. These facts and historical development shows that it is because of the disrespect and uncultured behaviour that we show towards women, has lead to female infanticide, uneducated girls, sexual harassment, dowry system, heavy debt in bride’s family and domestic violence. Let us all respect women, and treat them has equals, because only this solution, will lead to abolishment of many social evils against women.

Painful realities :: English Literature:

Painful realities Poetry creates awareness of painful realities. This can be appreciated in particular to war poetry where generally it is the aim of the poet to educate people on the horrific events that take place during the bleak years on the battlefields. The painful realities are expressed through metaphors, similes, specific tone of language and mood. Furthermore, poets use tempo, reflections and questions in their writing in order to express their feelings and what war is essentially about. In order to study at how poetry creates awareness, four poems will be considered. These are War, Chick Martin Dulce et Decorum Est, Wilfred Owen Grenade, Francis Scarfe Bombardment, D H Lawrence In the first poem, it is evident that painful realities are created through the author’s use of descriptive language and his ability to describe the scenes on the battle fields and the impacts later. There is no regular structure to the poem although there is a reoccurring line at the conclusion of each stanza; War is war, nothing more. This is the basis to the poem, explaining to readers that war is as it appears. It is as the gruesome scenes of violence, death and pain. There are The erratic shorter versus increase the intensity Dulce et Decorum Est creates the realities through careful structure. After describing how the soldiers, trudged through the mud, â€Å"blood shod and drunk with fatigue,† it then describes the gas bombs. With clever use of metaphor, the green gas becomes a misty sea where soldiers drown as their lungs are burnt. Owen then concludes his poem, questioning the government, questioning Jessie Pope and questioning the world that so ruthlessly lied to young men, forcing them to enlist. He questions the old adage, ‘dulce et decorum est pro patria mori,’ (it is sweet and fitting to die for one’s country.) The realities are so well depicted in this poem by Owen through the choice of punctuation and use of reflection. Exclamation marks are employed, exemplifying the intensity of the cries of the soldiers and how they tried to warn each other of the green sea. Owen is able to

America and the Korean War :: History, Cold War

With the Allies achieving victory in Europe and Japan, Korea, which had been occupied by Japan since 1910, would be placed under the temporary control of Russia and the United States. Korea was divided into two separate states at the thirty-eighth parallel with Russia holding the North and America holding the South (Uschan 36). As the relationship between Russia and America turned for the worse, leading to the Cold war, both attempted to gain as many allies as possible to support them (Bachrach 11). The American government felt it was their duty to stop the Soviet Union and issued the Truman Doctrine, which was a policy to fight Communism around the world (Uschan 27). Therefore the U.S involvement in the Korean War was justified as a way to prove that the U.S would not allow the Soviet Union to spread Communism without a fight. After the events of World War II, the world was left with two major superpowers: the United States and the Soviet Union. Both sides of the conflict were balanced in power and a nuclear war was possible. Most fighting was indirect with neither nation sending armed forces at each other (Smith 30). Because these nations were the world’s superpower, they held a major influence on other world counties and used foreign nation’s conflicts as a way to challenge each other. America began to grow a fear of communism, known as the Red Scare which would only escalate as China fell to Communism (Helbertsam 587). Around 1947, South Korea was one of the only areas in northeast Asia not under communist rule (Bunge 22). It began to appear that the Soviets were taking territory they were likely never to give up causing U.S. officials to realize that they had to make a claim on part of Korea (Uschan 25). While under the rule of the U.S and Soviets, North and South Korea were supposed to have an election that would reunite them sometime after World War II. However the Soviets prevented this and kept a hold on North Korea (Williams 41). Eventually the U.S and Soviets began to form separate groups in order to make a unified stance against each other such as NATO and the Warsaw Pact making the unification even more unlikely between the two sides of Korea. On June 25, 1950 North Korea attacked South Korea; because the invasion was led by a Communist force it gave the U.

Is the ‘Philosophy of Swine’ Objection a Telling Criticism of Utilitarian Theory?

â€Å"Is the ‘philosophy of swine’ objection a telling criticism of Utilitarian theory? Why or why not? † Philosophy of swine. This was mentioned by Mill criticizing Bentham’s utilitarianism. Before looking at Mill’s criticism, historical background of the birth of utilitarianism should be discussed ahead. Utilitarianism arose in the Industrial Revolution period. As nations became industrialized in the eighteenth century, bourgeois: an industrial middle class, appeared demanding new political and economic theory which would support their own interests.In the economic sphere, Adam Smith introduced laissez-faire theory following new era’s request. However, political theory was still remaining at social contract theory of the seventeenth century. Especially, as Britain was enjoying its period of political and constitutional stability after the Glorious Revolution, social contract theory which explains legitimacy of a government didn’t attr act people’s attention any more. Going through the social fluctuations, Bentham came up with an idea called ‘utilitarianism’. Bentham’s theory was remarkably progressive that he was considered as philosophical radicals.In accordance with the bourgeois’ demand for theory appropriate to those days, Bentham’s utilitarianism was based on a very simple premise; every man pursues happiness. A single behavior is determined to be moral or not by whether it creates happiness. This makes utilitarianism solely focus on the consequence of the act. Bentham also insists that every choice should be made toward the maximization of utility. Regarding making political decisions, we should follow the policy that yields ‘the greatest happiness of the greatest number’.However, Bentham’s theory is denounced by Mill, because it doesn’t acknowledge the objective standard of values. When Bentham deals with the happiness, that only count is the total aggregation of the amount of happiness. The standard and quality of the pleasure is totally disregarded. For example, there is no difference in quality between satisfied satiety after eating delicious food and the feeling of academic accomplishment. However, Mill completes Utilitarianism criticizing and supplementing this quantitative utilitarianism. It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied. † This famous phrase denotes that human happiness is inseparable from the question of quality, and there exists much higher level of pleasure. It is reasonable for Mill to criticize Bentham’s utilitarianism as the philosophy of swine. However, not all utilitarian theories should be regarded as the swine philosophy. Mill developed qualitative utilitarianism with this criticism and also established liberalism thoughts on this ground, which still has a significant impact on today’s poli tical theory.Thus, the answer to the given question is partly yes and partly no. This essay will endeavor to explain that utilitarianism is more than just hedonism; utilitarianism completed by Mill, liberal thoughts suggested in On Liberty, and its impact on present society will be discussed further. First of all, Mill introduced the concept of quality to existing utilitarianism. He suggested that â€Å"some kinds of pleasure are more desirable and more valuable than others. † Mental pleasure is much superior to physical and instinctive pleasure, because only human beings can experience the former.For this reason, Mill’s utilitarianism is often called humanized utilitarianism. Another factor that distinguishes Mill from Bentham is that his idea of compatibility between individual utility and social utility. This argument is also used when criticizing Bentham who saw human beings as selfish entities. Contrarily, Mill concluded that men do not always pursue an immediate profit. Of course, human beings are fundamentally self-centered, but they can give up present interests since they can see the future through long-term perspective.For example, volunteer workers who seek for positive change in the future cannot be explained by Bentham’s standpoint. Human beings have an element that enables them to sacrifice themselves and find their lives worth living for social utility. In this way, Mill completed more refined utilitarian theory emphasizing the harmony between individual and society. In his famous work On Liberty, Mill put great emphasis on social liberty as well as individual liberty. He relates human behavior with social utility and stresses again that human beings are not obsessed with immediate interests.He says that â€Å"I regard utility as the ultimate appeal on all ethical questions; but it must be utility in the largest sense, grounded on the permanent interests of man as a progressive being. † What we should take note from t his is that human beings are progressive. This is the distinctive part where Mill’s theory excels Bentham’s. Aforementioned, men can desert present interest since they are progressive entities, expecting future advantages. In a word, Mill upgraded the notion of utility to the means to men’s durable profits. The concept ‘utility’ is used in modern political philosophy in relation to welfare.In this manner, utilitarianism, from the nineteenth century to present days, has worked as a central part of political theories, and has had a great influence on democracy as a foundation of liberalism. Thus, to condemn utilitarianism as hedonistic theory cannot be justified. The last factor defending utilitarianism from such criticism is that it provides a basic ground for securing freedom of thought and speech. This is also closely connected with utilitarianism which formed the basis of Mill’s theory. Individual freedom should be guaranteed under any circ umstances, because it is directly correlated to social utility.Mill particularly gives priority to freedom of thought and speech more than any other freedom. The premise of the freedom of thought and speech is that every opinion has a possibility of being a fallacy. Mill insists that â€Å"If the opinion is right, they are deprived of the opportunity of exchanging error for truth. † This can be justified from the utilitarian perspective, because every opinion, albeit it is a minority opinion, is possible enough to contribute to the progress of the society. All thoughts and expressions have utility for the development of humanity.The fact known to us as a truth can turn out to be false at any time; the Copernican theory exploded pervading heliocentric theory and Einstein’s theory of relativity reversed existing scientific system. Consequentially, a maximum guaranteed freedom produces increased happiness for mankind. This is a crucial part of liberalism that emphasizes t he minimization of the government intervention in individuals for every person’s freedom. Liberalism established by Mill became the very foundation of western political philosophy until Rawls’ theory appears.From this, the importance of utilitarianism is induced; it is more than just hedonistic theory. So far we’ve gone through some reasons why utilitarianism is not the philosophy of swine that appeals to human instinct, putting Mill’s idea at the center. It is true that early utilitarian thinker Bentham suggested somewhat hedonistic theory. However, his idea of utilitarianism that consequence counts the most has worked as a fundamental root of utilitarianism and was revised, developed, and completed by Mill. Swine philosophy objection is only valid when criticizing Bentham, but it is also ard to deny that Bentham did contribute to the establishment of modern political thoughts by setting up a radical theory of that time. Thus, swine objection seems hard to be an effective critique to utilitarianism. (1,195 words) Bibliography Bentham, Jeremy. An Introduction to the principles of morals and legislation. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1907. Mill, J. S. Utilitarianism, Liberty, Representative Government. London: Dent, 1972. Mulgan, Tim. Understanding Utilitarianism. Stocksfield U. K. : Acumen, 2007. Riley, Jonathan. Liberal Utilitarianism: social choice theory and J. S. Mill’s Philosophy.Cambridge England; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988. Riley, Jonathan. â€Å"What are Millian Qualitative Superiorities? † Prolegomena: Journal of Philosophy 7, no. 1 (2008): 61-79. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Jeremy Bentham, â€Å"Of the Principle of Utility,† in An Introduction to the principles of morals and legislation (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1907), 1-7. [ 2 ]. John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism, Liberty, Representative Gover nment (London; Dent, 1972), 9. [ 3 ]. Ibid. , 7. [ 4 ]. Mill, Utilitarianism, Liberty, Representative Government, 74. [ 5 ]. Ibid. , 79.

How to Talk About Wondering in Spanish

How to Talk About Wondering in Spanish Although you can translate the English verb to wonder, meaning to not know and to be curious about using the Spanish verb preguntarse, Spanish speakers often convey such a sense of uncertainty in their choice of verb tense. Using Preguntarse Use of preguntarse is straightforward if youre familiar with reflexive verbs. It can be literally translated as to ask oneself, and has basically that same meaning. Me pregunto si es amor lo que siento o es solo un capricho. I wonder if it is love I am feeling or if it is only a whim.Nos preguntamos si este invierno volver a nevar. We wonder if it will snow again this winter.Yo me preguntaba lo mismo. I wondered the same thing. ¿Quà © es la vida buena? se preguntaban los griegos. What is the good life? the Greeks wondered.Nunca se preguntaron como podà ­a ser posible. They never wondered how it could be possible. Using the Future Indicative Tense When speaking of wondering about something that is occurring in the present, it is common in Spanish to use the future indicative tense in the form of a question. For example, to say, I wonder where my keys are, you could say,  ¿Dà ³nde estarn las llaves? (The same sentence might also be translated as Where can my keys be?) It is important to understand that  ¿Dà ³nde estarn las llaves? does not (unless the context makes clear otherwise) mean Where will my keys be? There is a difference, however, between asking the direct question,  ¿Dà ³nde estn las llaves? (present tense, Where are my keys?) and using the future tense as in  ¿Dà ³nde estarn las llaves? In the latter case, the speaker isnt necessarily looking for an answer. Following are some other examples of what is sometimes called the suppositional future. In the examples below, two English translations are given. Either one (and possibly others) would be possible.  ¿Quià ©n ir a la fruterà ­a? I wonder whos going to the fruit stand. Who might be going to the fruit stand? ¿Quà © querr decir el autor en esta oracià ³n? I wonder what the author is saying in this sentence. What could the author be saying in this sentence? ¿Quà © pensarn de nosotros en Japà ³n? I wonder what the Japanese think about us. What could they be thinking about us in Japan? Using the Conditional Tense In the same way, the conditional tense can be used to express speculation about the past, although this is less common than the use of the future tense explained above:  ¿Quà © querrà ­a la policà ­a con à ©l? I wonder what the police wanted with him. What would the police have wanted with him? ¿Dà ³nde estarà ­an los secuestrados? I wonder where the hostages were. Where could the hostages have been? Both the future and conditional tenses have uses other than those explained in this lesson. As usual, context rules when seeking to understand what Spanish speakers are saying.

Lab Report Surfactant Essays

Lab Report Surfactant Essays Lab Report Surfactant Paper Lab Report Surfactant Paper Surfactant is produced to make it easier for people to breath by reducing the surface tension of the water molecules that primarily compose the walls of the alveoli; it helps them to not tick together. For this experiment, we will be using milk and food coloring to represent the water (milk) and gas (food coloring) in the respiratory system. Because know milk is non-polar and food coloring is polar, my hypothesis predicts the two will not mix voluntarily at first, but the soap acting as a surfactant, when added, will help the two liquids mix together. Materials (Part on: water surface tension) 1- A penny 2- A dropper 3- Water 4- Paper towels (Part two: surfactant) 1- Milk 2-2 different color food coloring 3- Dishwashing soap 4- Cotton swab 5- A mall clear dish 6- Timer Paper towel 8- Water Method (Part one: water surface tension) 1- Place the penny in a flat area 2- Fill a dropper with water 3- One by one add the drops of water to the top of the penny 4- Measure how many drops fit until the drops break the surface tension of the water. Record results the results table 6- Placed the dish in a flat steady surface. 7- Then poured the milk making sure the whole bottom of the dish is covered. 8- Add four drops of food coloring to the center of the dish. 9- Let it rest for two minutes and then measure how far the coloring expanded. 10- Record in the exult chart 11- Dip the cotton swab in soap 12- Place the end of the cotton swab in the middle of the dish containing the milk and the food coloring. 13- Observe what happens to the food c oloring and record the result in the results chart. 4- Throw away the liquids and leave station clean after recording results. Results The average drops of water that a penny can hold without spilling the water is 24 drops. In my experiment the results were the following: Trial number Number of drops Try one 25 Try two 22 Try three 26 When the coloring was placed in the milk at the beginning, it didnt expand wrought the milk as quickly as when the soap was added. Without the soap Expanded 5 ml/min from the center. With the soap Expanded at CM/ sec from the center. Conclusion My hypothesis is accepted. After I applied the drop of soap to the milk, the food coloring spread around. Why? At first, the food coloring just sat on the surface of the milk. Thats because food coloring is less dense than milk, so it floats on the surface. The milk didnt mix with the food coloring in the beginning because it wasnt stirred together. The soap reduces the surface tension of the ilk by dissolving the fat molecules, which is why whole milk works better. The surface of the milk outside the soap drop has a higher surface tension, so it pulls the surface away from that spot. The food coloring moves with the surface, streaming away from the soap drop. Due to the convection that results from the moving surface, the food coloring may be drawn down into the liquid, only to appear rising again somewhere else. When the soap finally gets evenly mixed into the milk, the action stops.

Analysis of Enriques Journey Book

Analysis of Enriques Journey Book Enriques Journey experience brings into view the kind of problems one undergoes in the process of attaining their goals in life (Border Film Project 6). This shows that age is not a factor in achieving ones dreams and therefore determination wins it all. Life can be filled with several obstacles such as being an immigrant but the need to overcome such problems and excel defines the life and experience of Enrique who has to travel as an immigrant to meet his mother, have a relationship with Maria Isabela (Nazario 230).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of â€Å"Enrique’s Journey† Book specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More After, Enriques mother Lourdes leaves for the US to look for money so that she can support her child gain education shows the â€Å"hardships† that mothers go through to raise their children (Border Film Project 10). Overcoming obstacles in life is the most traumatic aspects of the story of Enriques Journey. Enriques mother chooses to do low paying jobs that are often ignored by the citizens of America to make a living that would enable her child get an education. Through these low paying jobs, they improve the countrys economy since the kind of jobs the immigrants do cannot be accepted by the Americans. I chose this aspect because Enrique had to overcome several challenges and problems on his way to America so that he can reunite with his mother, the life in America itself is not that promising as many would have thought. Therefore the life of an immigrant remains to be seen as one full of struggles. He had to be beaten and faced many robberies on the way. However, he is thriving to succeed in his journey to reach her mother is the motivational factor in his success to reach the US. Being determined presents some of the themes in this text and, moreover a reflection of the obstacles Enrique undergoes before reuniting with her mother. Nazario states that, â€Å"she had to work long hours to earn the money† (235). The writer here refers to the time Lourdes would work that demonstrates the hard work of an immigrant and their determination. In addition, the importance of having hope is the key factor in Enriques continued desire to reach the US. Clearly, the contribution of the immigrants such as the likes of Enrique and his mother is great for the economy of the country.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Many immigrants have to survive in all means whatever it takes for them to do so. The method of survival reflects their determination to succeed in life through doing the small jobs and in the end improve the economy of the country. Lack of finance by Lourdes is a show that she cannot be able to take care of her children and clearly that they are living in poverty. Nazario states that â€Å"Lourdes cannot affor d to feed and educate her children, so she leaves for El Norte† (139), this show that the immigrants can be able to do any jobs, work extra hard which is beneficial to a country in terms of economy improvement. â€Å"Enriques Journey† story make people change how they look at the immigrants and need to offer a helping hand because they too are important to the country (Border Film Story). They can help to offload the â€Å"burden† of hard labour which most of the citizens do not want. The determination of Lourdes to make her life better shows the immigrants have a lot of problems and can risk their lives to make ends meet (Nazario 200). The discussion question: Do the immigrants help to improve a countrys economy? Border Film Project. Border Film Project. 2011. Web. borderfilmproject.com/en/ Nazario, Sonia. Enrique’s Journey, New York: Random House, 2007. Print

Challenges facing managers today Research Paper

Challenges facing managers today - Research Paper Example And within this transformation in environment, managers have to change to become a change mentor, an employee advocate or sponsor, and a strategic partner within their organizations. In order to be successful, management is required to be a business driven activity with a comprehensive understanding of the big picture of the organization and have the capacity to affect significant policies and decisions. Generally, the focus of today’s manager should be on strategic technological planning, talents development, and personnel retention. Managers should also be succession planners, coaches, mentors, and counselors to help motivate workers and their loyalty (Daniel & Radenbaugh, 2001). This paper will look at the challenges facing managers today. The paper will take a position and support it using information from relevant research. It is evident that today’s managers are faced with a number of challenges. The following include some of the most apparent challenges. A lack o f resources in an organization can cause grave predicaments for a manager. A lack of resources may make the organization face cutbacks on significant things. This requires the manager to be economically minded and creative when this type of circumstance occurs. It is essential that a manager learns to make the most of what is available and check accessible resources to ensure they are not misused. Managers should also device ways of lessening costs on things which are of nominal significance so that there will be resources for necessary materials. Lack of resources may also have a negative impact on the training of employees (Brickley, Smith, Zimmerman & Willett, 2000). During training, organizations should have budgeted finances for travelling, accommodation, among other needs. If the managers cannot raise the finances to facilitate this, the workers will not have the means of gaining competitive skills, negatively affecting the performance of the organization. Another challenge fa cing the managers of today is their recognition towards input to business access and realization of the objectives of the organization. Some organizations do not see the significance of appointing managers when they have heads of different departments. Technological advancement is another challenge that managers have to deal with. Today, technological advancements are on the rise more than in the early period. Modern technology has to be utilized if an organization wants to provide goods and services which are cost effective, relevant, and congruent with the needs of the society. Therefore, managers face the significant challenge of raising the initial cost of acquiring, running, and maintaining modern technology. This is also made worse by the brief existence of a large number of technological inventions which imply that managers have to reinvest in contemporary technology often in order to protract their relevance (Hollen, Van, Frans & Volberda, 2013). This graph illustrates the i dea that technological progress is both a continuous opportunity and a continuous danger to the organization. Trade unions are another challenge facing the managers. Trade unions can be extremely cruel when it comes to negotiation and they may urge the workers to engage in striking activities. This has a negative impact

Salvador Dali and his Unique Artworks Research Paper

Salvador Dali and his Unique Artworks - Research Paper Example Dali’s artistic works that carried strange expressions won a lot of publicity in the world. Dali had a characteristic personal branding in both art and appearance. The unique personal brand added to his publicity. Dali won immeasurable publicity that drew criticism. While some people acknowledged the true worth of his work in making him famous, some people thought that he over commercialized himself. However, Dali’s work deserved the credit it earned because he had real talent evident from his artistic works. The beginning of the 20th century in 1904 saw the birth of one Salvador Dali, to a well up agricultural family in Catalonia, Spain (James 23). His parents were Dali Cusi and Felipa Domenech. His birth was unique as his parents thought he was a reincarnation of their older child who had not lived beyond nine months. Dali accepted the reincarnation story at five years. In addition to their home in Catalonia, the family had a house in Cadaques where they stayed over s ummer. The stay in cadaques had great influence on Dali’s work. Dali had a close relationship with his mother but not with his politically influential father. Dali’ enrolled into school at a tender age of four at Escuela public school. Due to his inability to concentrate in school, his father sent him to a private school. However, Dali did not progress well in school. On the contrary, Dali occupied himself with reminiscences of his summer holidays. His summer holidays presented the only opportunity for him to do what he liked best. He was lucky to find an art mentor at Cadaques where they spent summer. Ramon Pichot, a close ally to the family, mentored Dali up his way to art since childhood. Pichot had links with Pablo Picasso, an influential artist of that time. In 1922, Dali joined the San Fernando academy of art, a venture that would determine his future as an artist. In the academy in Madrid, Dali got the opportunity to express himself freely. It is in the academy where Dali started out on his unique dressing style that would later earn him criticism and publicity. In addition, in the academy, he made friends with whom he walked along his career with forming partnerships with them at times. These friends included Garcia Lorca and Luis Bunuel. According to the Dali Museum Inclusive, during his time in the academy, he explored different art styles in search of his true artistic identity. He tried out cubism, futurism, and purism. He kept himself updated on these styles by reading journals. His work began to appear in galleries and soon he gained the confidence to hold solo exhibitions. He also displayed his work in multiple exhibitions. Due to his talent and increasing artistic adventure, he realized that he was not getting enough challenge from his instructors. This attitude led to his trials to criticize the academy administration. At some point, the academy could not hold him any more. After the dismissal from the academy, he embarked on pai nting back in his hometown. Dali’s works evoke varied emotions. He was too radiant in expressing themes that no longer appealed the Spaniard exhibitions. His thematic exploration at this time was mutilation and decay. Dali’s career took a different turn in 1929 because he ventured into a partnership with his friend from the academy Luis Bunuel (Ross 80). The duo created an avant-garde film that exposed violence and dead bodies. The film titled ‘An Andalusian Dog’ brought the two artists international recognition because it fetched great market. Because of the fame, Dali moved to Paris, where he became a member of the surrealists. The surrealists belonged to an art culture that believed in representing objects

Cinematography of the film Casablanca Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cinematography of the film Casablanca - Essay Example Edeson helped director Michael Curtiz in visualizing by focusing on the shadows and maximizing the use of proper lighting and angles. Wide-angle shots are placed in the beginning scenes giving importance to the place of Casablanca and how a German plane flies behind the sign for Rick's Cafe. The wide shot of the planes just over the cafe shows how important this place will be in the next parts of the story. An establishing shot will soon be noticed as camera angles focuses inside Rick’s cafe as if the audience were walking inside for the first time, giving wide angle shots of the patrons inside the club. Some medium shots are placed on individual characters such as the colored man piano player, until an extreme close up shot of a slip of paper is shown with an â€Å"OK† sign by Rick. Here it is established that Rick is an important man, in a medium shot, he is shown slowly puffing a cigarette. The shots through out the scenes create such continuity and gives credibility to the empty life of Rick. The intensity of the setting in a neutral country of Morocco is established with the mix of characters from the Allied forces and the Germans. It also creates an impression on how â€Å"all is fair in love and war† as what the story line would develop. There is also a use of proper lighting maximized with the proper dà ©cor to create at 1940’s kind of American cafà © with live band and gambling, but still the production team maintained certain props to make sure that the audience would remember that it is still in Morocco like the Islamic architecture that remains obvious in the interior. There is heightened use of lighting to create shadows especially to give focus on melancholic state like after curfew encounters at Rick’s cafe with Renault as he searches for money or documents. It creates a touch of mystery establishing that the main character Rick is an amoral man who after a painful heartbreak has remained to be neutral and cynical. He is portrayed as a bitter and sad man, as focused on the medium and close up shots of a face that seems to be sad and old despite earthly success. He moves slow and somehow gloomy with the background of shadows and smoke that surrounds his cafe. As for Iisa the leading lady, angles are focused on her sad and somehow glowing face with eyes that appears to be always in tears. The musical score also creates an impression. Most part of the film revolves around the song â€Å"As Time Goes By† as it somehow relives a memorable time in Paris by both Rick and Iisa. Songs from the 1930’s to the 1940’s are also el oquently highlighted and combined with national anthems from France and Germany, The audience are reminded that this is not just another love story, it maintains the political issues of World War II. Bogart plays a superb role of a romantic leading man, the sad and indifferent bad boy ruined by a past love. At first he seems to be the typical strong man, full of machismo and ego without caring for anyone in the world but himself. But a sense of humanity is shown by how he treats his employees such as Sam, the piano player. As Bergman enters the scene, we notice that indeed this could be the woman that has created all this illusion. When Sam had an encounter with Iisa, he pretends to have never met her before. It is obvious then that this woman would be someone important. Bergman portrays the role of Iisa with so much justice. The focus on her soft face makes a

Employment Law Compliance Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Employment Law Compliance Plan - Assignment Example Please note that the descriptions contain the consequences of the violation of the employment laws. The federal minimum wage of $7.25 per hour applies to covered nonexempt employees (Fox & Davenport, 2013). The rate took effect from July 24, 2009. The minimum wage in Texas and Federal are equal. The federal minimum wage covers the workers of businesses with more than $500,000 (Canas & Cross, 2008). However, the administrative personnel, executives, and professional workers are exempted from the protection of the minimum wage. The non-exempted employees deserve a pay for the overtime for time worked over forty hours. The employers are liable for minimum wage if they classify the employees incorrectly as exempt when they do not qualify such status. The violation of the law attracts a fine of more than $100,000. It is a requirement for the employers to offer safety to the employees as stipulated in the Occupational Safety and Health Act. The employees should work in a safe environment that is free of hazards such as toxic chemicals, excessive heat and noise, and mechanical dangers. The employees can file their complaints with the Texas Department of Insurance Division of Workers’ Compensation (TDIDWC) (Fox & Davenport, 2013). The employers are liable to compensate the employees as determined by TDIDWC or OSHA. Employers cannot discriminate against the employees who file such complaints. The law prohibits any form of employment discrimination based on religion, race, sex, sexual orientation, color, national origin, disability, and age. Additionally, the law stipulates that employers should not discriminate employees who comply with a subpoena (Canas & Cross, 2008). Employers who violate the law are liable to prosecution and charges imposed on them. The courts have the rights to compel the employers to give compensation to the employees who have suffered due to discrimination. The employers should not

The Contemporary Hospitality Industry - British - Food and Drink Assignment

The Contemporary Hospitality Industry - British - Food and Drink Trends - Assignment Example This industry is now becoming more competitive because multinationals companies are incorporating new products with innovative. In recent trends, this industry has gain more customer trust, which is important for the development of this industry (Food Marketing & Technology, 2012). Food Science helps to understand the theory of food in the food industry and its significance in the healthcare industry. Food science and food technology is a new field, which helps to understand the nature and structure of the food industry (Jessie & Aruna, n. d). Food and drink is an important consideration for the hospitality industry as quality of food and the trend is a crucial aspect. The paper intends to evaluate about the food and drink industry with regard to the latest developments. The food and drink industry is growing on continues basis due to the changing and increasing demand for food. This industry has to deliver the products according to the demands of the customer for surviving in the market. The law of food industry has developed in the last two years and is likely to be continued. The development of legislation is important for the enhancement of food and its nutritional value, which affects the health of people (Leatherhead Food Research, 2014). Food and drink products are vital in the daily life and it plays a fundamental role in the safety of the life of people. For the development of food and drink industry European food and drink manufacturers has to improve the environmental performance of their products continuously (Bear, 2007). The food and drink industry has changed due to the use of new advanced technology. New technology opens new doors and new areas for this industry as per the changing trend and food habits of people. There are number of roles of legislation for the development of food and drink industry as per the trend and season. The major roles are support by the government, export incentive, R & D

Employment Law Compliance Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Employment Law Compliance Plan - Assignment Example Please note that the descriptions contain the consequences of the violation of the employment laws. The federal minimum wage of $7.25 per hour applies to covered nonexempt employees (Fox & Davenport, 2013). The rate took effect from July 24, 2009. The minimum wage in Texas and Federal are equal. The federal minimum wage covers the workers of businesses with more than $500,000 (Canas & Cross, 2008). However, the administrative personnel, executives, and professional workers are exempted from the protection of the minimum wage. The non-exempted employees deserve a pay for the overtime for time worked over forty hours. The employers are liable for minimum wage if they classify the employees incorrectly as exempt when they do not qualify such status. The violation of the law attracts a fine of more than $100,000. It is a requirement for the employers to offer safety to the employees as stipulated in the Occupational Safety and Health Act. The employees should work in a safe environment that is free of hazards such as toxic chemicals, excessive heat and noise, and mechanical dangers. The employees can file their complaints with the Texas Department of Insurance Division of Workers’ Compensation (TDIDWC) (Fox & Davenport, 2013). The employers are liable to compensate the employees as determined by TDIDWC or OSHA. Employers cannot discriminate against the employees who file such complaints. The law prohibits any form of employment discrimination based on religion, race, sex, sexual orientation, color, national origin, disability, and age. Additionally, the law stipulates that employers should not discriminate employees who comply with a subpoena (Canas & Cross, 2008). Employers who violate the law are liable to prosecution and charges imposed on them. The courts have the rights to compel the employers to give compensation to the employees who have suffered due to discrimination. The employers should not

Business Continuity & Disaster Recovery Planning Models Comparison Coursework

Business Continuity & Disaster Recovery Planning Models Comparison - Coursework Example irst model is the Seven Tiers recovery model that was developed by IBM in 1992 defining various methods important computer systems (Quintero etal., 2013). The model has seven levels in which data can be recovered with varying levels of success. The progression of the tiers from 1-7 is characterized by reduced recovery time and increasing chances of data recovery (Carstensen, Morgenthal & Golden, 2012). The second one is the Security Stack four-layer model that offers ways to comprehensively respond to an incident. The first layer deals in disaster recovery, the 2nd layer on business continuity, the 3rd on situation awareness and the last layer is on Government Policy and National Incident Management (Mikulsky & Carroll, 2011). This model reduces the tendency of business continuity and business recovery plans fragmentation which reduce their effectiveness in event of a disruption (Troppens, 2009). The 7 Tier and the Security Stack model bear similarities in that the progression in the levels ensures minimal data loss and reduces the time required for business recovery and continuity. In addition, they both offer different levels which can help improve the data recovery success. Lastly, they provide a multi-level approach that enhances business recovery and continuity (Snedaker, 2007). Carstensen, J., Morgenthal, J. P., & Golden, B. (2012).  Cloud Computing: Assessing the Risks. Ely: IT Governance Publishing. Retrieved from: http://books.google.co.ke/books?id=PORgAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Carstensen,+J.,+Morgenthal,+J.+P.,+%26+Golden,+B.+(2012).+Cloud+Computing:+Assessing+the+Risks.+Ely:+IT+Governance+Publishing&hl=en&sa=X&ei=s5e_U9fDIOLT7AaHv4D4AQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Mikulsky, D. & Carroll, T. (2011, June). The Security Stack for Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery. CSC. Retrieved from: http://www.csc.com/cybersecurity/insights/67598 the_security_stack_for_business_continuity_and_disaster_recovery Quintero, D., & International Business

Humorits Essay Example for Free

Humorits Essay Some men see things as they are and ask why. Others dream things that never were and why not†, said by George Bernard Shaw (miscellaneous quotes). In society today, many people go about with things and don’t ask why they do such matter. In the article, â€Å"Corn-pone opinions† by Mark Twain, he uses a good example: he states that â€Å"fashion has established itself: it is admired, now, and no one laughs†. In other words, fashion is created, and people go along with it and never ask why they do so. Alain de Botton argues that humorists are not to entertain but â€Å"to convey with impunity messages that might be dangerous or impossible to state directly†. In agreement, humorists play a vital role in society. As an illustration to how humorists play a vital role in society is in the article â€Å"A Modest Proposal† by Jonathan Swift, who creates a plan for eating Irish babies. Swift, is criticizing the English for their abuses against the Irish. Swift thought that eating the Irish babies would solve the â€Å"Irish problem†. However, the plan is ridiculous because it is used to describe how the Irish is being treated. The meaning thats being read in the article is that English dont value the Irish life. Instead of Swift saying so, he uses the comparison of eating babies and the abusing of Irish people. For this purpose, criticisms are being made and people dont realize them but they send a strong message. Another example of how humorists play a vital role is society is in the article ‘Corn-pone Opinions†, Twain shows another example by stating â€Å"Our table manners, and company manners and street manners change from time to time, but the changes are not reasoned out; we merely notice and conformed†. In this quote Twain tries to describe the fact that many things are changing and no one take the time to notice it; they just gone along with it. In addition, society does not realize things that is going on. They just feel that when something is being said or done that it may be the right thing so they just go along with it because they feel they need self-approval from one another and never notice that it is affecting our society.

Series Pass Voltage Regulator From Discrete Electronic Engineering Essay

Series Pass Voltage Regulator From Discrete Electronic Engineering Essay The objective of this project was to construct and design a 9V  ± 0.3V, 1A series pass voltage regulator from discrete electronic parts. The voltage regulator must exhibit a voltage regulation of 5% or better and should be supplied with a dc input voltage. The regulator circuit was required to include a way to disconnect the load from the regulator if the load current exceeded 1A or if the temperature of the series pass element exceeded 40 °C. It was necessary to measure each parameter of the circuit and convert it from an analog to a digital signal. This signal would provide data necessary to display the values on the Spartan III FPGA Development Board. The numerical display was not to have any zeros leading a number, unless it affected the value. Also, the display was to be cyclic, alternating at 5 second intervals. The circuit was designed, built and tested. It produced 9.03V output and 1.02A through a 9à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ load. The cut-off protection worked as well as the variable sensing circuitry. The linkage of the analog and the digital components, however, remain incomplete. Contents LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS Symbol Description ADC Analog to Digital Converter Op-amp Operational Amplifier V Voltage/Volts I Current R Resistance A Ampere à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ Ohm  °C Degree Celsius F Farad IC Collector Current IB Base Current VBE Base-Emitter Voltage LUT Look Up Table BCD Binary Coded Decimal MUX Multiplexer CLK Clock DPDT Double Pole Double Throw FPGA Field Programmable Gate Array Table : List of Abbreviations Contained in this Report INTRODUCTION Commercial power is usually distributed with an AC supply. An unregulated voltage such as this could cause damage to many household appliances and electronic devices. Therefore it is a safety hazard. A voltage regulator is a device that maintains a relatively constant output voltage for a varied input voltage. It functions by comparing the output voltage to a fixed reference and minimizing this difference with a negative feedback loop. The aim of this project to design a series pass voltage regulator with an output of 9  ± 0.3V and regulation of at least 5%. It should be able to disconnect the load from the regulator for temperatures exceeding 40à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °C and a current greater than 1A. Using A/D converters, these values (output regulator voltage and current, temperature of the series pass transistor) were converted to digital format and displayed on the Spartan III FPGA Development Board. Each value received from the analog component should be displayed with no unnecessary leading zeroes. The display had to alternate between different variables of voltage, current and temperature. The Digital Component of this project was designed in Xilinx ISE 7.1i, and the necessary tests were carried out. A User Constraints file was created, which allowed for the programming of the FPGA Board. BACKGROUND THEORY AND LITERATURE REVIEW Using an unregulated power supply is unfeasible for most tasks. This is because as the load current increases, the ripple voltage increases and the DC output voltage decreases. The voltage regulator greatly reduces ripple and produces a steady output voltage for a range of input voltages. Different types of voltage regulators have different functions. There are two main types, shunt and series voltage regulators. Shunt Voltage Regulator For a shunt voltage regulator, the regulating device is placed in parallel with the load. A resistor is placed in series with the load and the unregulated supply. The current is varied through the control element depending on the load current. This causes a voltage drop across the resistor in series, maintaining a constant load voltage. (Prof. Gift, 2012) Figure : Shunt Voltage Regulator Shunt Voltage Regulator Example: Zener Diode Regulator Figure : Zener Diode Voltage Regulator The zener diode is a semi-conductor diode designed to operate in the reverse-biased region. In forward bias, it functions as a normal diode but when in reverse bias, it breaks down for voltages exceeding the breakdown voltage, or zener voltage. For operation in this region a current Iz is required where the limits being the minimum and maximum current for the diode to operate without breaking down. (Prof. Gift, 2012) Series Voltage Regulator For a series voltage regulator, the regulating device is placed in series with the load and the unregulated supply. (Prof. Gift, 2012) The output voltage is sampled by a circuit that provides a feedback voltage to be compared to a reference voltage. If the output voltage increases, the comparator circuit provides a control signal to cause the series control element to decrease the amount of the output voltage, thereby maintaining the output voltage. If the output voltage decreases, the comparator circuit provides a control signal to cause the series control element to increase the amount of the output voltage. (Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory 7th Ed.) Figure : Series Voltage Regulator There are different circuit topologies for the series voltage regulator. These will be examined next. Simple Series Transistor Regulator To improve the current capacity of the zener diode regulator, a transistor is used in the emitter follower configuration. This acts as the series control element. The collector is supplied by the regulated voltage. The transistor reduces the load current capacity of the zener by a factor of the transistor current gain. The zener voltage is therefore produced at the emitter. The equation IC = ÃŽÂ ²IB is used to link the collector current and the base current. Due to high current gain, even very large changes in IC result in only small changes in IB. This means IZ is mostly stable. The input voltage must be greater than the diode voltage to ensued proper transistor bias. (Prof. Gift, 2012) Figure : Simple Series Transistor Voltage Regulator IZ current through the zener diode IC collector current IB base current Discrete Voltage Regulator A transistor Tr2 is connected as the series pass transistor and another one Tr1 acts as the error amplifier. In the single transistor regulator output ripple voltage is low, but the output voltage still varies. This is due to the VBE/IC characteristic of the transistor. Feedback is used to correct the output. This amplifier compares the sampled voltage with a reference voltage in order to generate a signal proportional to the difference. This is used to drive the series pass element, which then varies the output voltage such that the error is reduced and the output voltage regulated. Figure : Discrete Transistor Voltage Regulator The voltage across the series element is (Vin Vout). The input voltage to the error amplifier is ÃŽÂ ²Vout Vref, where . The output voltage across the series element is an amplified version of the input voltage, . If Vref is constant, . This is the stability factor. This means that the ripple voltage is reduced by a factor of . The higher the loop gain, AÃŽÂ ², the better the regulator performance. A is gain of error amplifier. The resistor R can be connected to the regulated side of the circuit to improve the design and decrease ripple voltage. Also, a capacitor may be placed in parallel to the Zener diode. Another capacitor can be placed across the output removing output noise and input impedance at high frequencies. A Darlington Pair may be used as the series element. This has two transistors in a single package. The Darlington Pair increases the current gain of the series element, making it able to supply a larger load current if required. (Prof. Gift, 2012) Operational Amplifier Series Voltage Regulator In order to improve the regulator performance, the loop gain A is increased. A simple method of doing this is to replace the transistor error amplifier with an operational amplifier as shown in figure 6. The operational amplifier compares the reference voltage of the zener with the feedback voltage sampled by resistors R1 and R2. The Darlington Pair design is used here and R3 connected to the regulated supply to reduce the ripple voltage. The operational amplifier (op amp) must be supplied by the unregulated input voltage. (Prof. Gift, 2012) Figure : Operational Amplifier Series Voltage Regulator STANDARDS Certain standards were considered in the undertaking of this project. These are: ISO 9001:1994 Quality Systems Model for Quality Assurance in Design, Development, Production, Installation and Servicing (http://www.ttbs.org.tt/) TTS 620 2008 Occupational Safety and Health Risk Assessment Requirements(http://www.ttbs.org.tt/) BS QC 790304:1994 Specification for harmonized system of quality assessment for electronic components. (http://www.standardsuk.com) RISK ASSESSMENT Possible Hazards: 15V supply voltage. Risk of electrical shock, burns and death. Solder fumes present. Dangerous if inhaled. The heat generated by the power resistor could cause burns. The tip of the soldering gets very hot and could cause severe burns or start a fire. Clipping wires and leads may cause them to be projected into eyes and face. Steps Taken to Avoid Risk: Ensured that student was properly grounded. Proper clothing and footwear were worn. No long hanging jewellery or hair. Before energising a circuit, it was checked by a technician. Tested conductors before handling them. Exhaust fan present in lab. Regularly stepped outside for fresh air. Clipped wires away from face of anyone present. DESIGN APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY Project Requirements: Design and build a 9V  ± 0.3V, 1A Series Pass Voltage Regulator using discrete electronic components. Regulator must have a voltage regulation or 5% or better and must be fed by a dc input voltage from a laboratory power supply. In addition, the regulator must incorporate temperature and over current sensing circuits which would disconnect the load from the regulator, for temperatures and currents exceeding 40 degrees centigrade and 1 A respectively. The output regulator voltage and current, together with the temperature of the series pass transistor must be converted to digital format using A/D converters and displayed on the Spartan 111 FPGA Development Board when selected. The following specifications must be met for the display of the variables: 1. The units of all variables are to be displayed along with the respective reading. 2. The voltage is to be displayed to 1 decimal point. 3. The current is to be displayed to 2 decimal points. 4. The temperature is to be displayed as a whole number. 5. The display of the readings for voltage, current and temperature are to automatically appear in a cyclic manner, with each reading being displayed for 5 seconds. 6. All leading zeros are to be suppressed. (ECNG 2004 Design Project Description) This design had both an analog and a digital component. ANALOG COMPONENT This component involved the design and construction of the Series Pass Voltage Regulator and the sensing circuitry to detect current, voltage and temperature. These sensors were constructed to relay the values necessary for the digital component. Analog to Digital Converters were designed to convert the analog output from the current, voltage and temperature sensing circuits to digital format so as to be to be read by the Spartan FPGA Board. Design of the Operational Amplifier Series Voltage Regulator Figure : Circuit Diagram of the Operational Amplifier Series Voltage Regulator The regulator was powered by a DC input voltage from a laboratory power supply. The voltage used in the design process for the purpose of calculation was 15 volts. Choosing the Zener Voltage and Zener Current The Zener Voltage, Vz was supplied by the Zener Diode, D1 as shown in Figure 7 above. The Zener Voltage was used as a reference voltage by the Operational Amplifier. The op amp is functioning as a differential amplifier in this situation. The difference between the inputs at the inverting and non-inverting terminals is amplified. Gain, The output voltage, VZ zener voltage Vz should be high enough so that gain would not decrease to achieve the required output. If Vz was too high, i.e. the output voltage, no current would flow through D1. An appropriate value between 0V and 9V was chosen, VZ = 4.8V. The IN4732 Zener Diode was chosen and the specification sheet for this model was obtained. The specified test current was 53mA, and the chosen value was 40mA. This was chosen to ensure proper bias. Calculating Resistor R3 The resistor R3 was in series with the Zener Diode. Therefore, the current through them is the same. A 100 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ resistor was chosen as it was the closest one in value available in stores. R3 = 100à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ Calculating Resistors R1 and R2 Resistors R1 and R2 formed a potential divider providing the inverting input of the op amp. This sampled the output and sent it to the error amplifier. If the value of the output changed from the designed, the voltage drop across the resistors would change and the op amp input voltage would change, producing an error voltage at the output of the op amp. This error voltage will either turn on more or turn off more Transistor Tr1 and effectively Tr2 as well. The output voltage, Vo is related to the Zener Voltage by the equation below. Substituting Vo = 9V and Vz = 4.8V, Therefore, If R2 chosen to be 10kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦, then Therefore, R1 = 8.8kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ and R2 = 10kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦. Choosing an Operational Amplifier The LF351 op-amp was chosen for this design. It only needed to function as a differential amplifier. Choosing the Series Pass Transistor The required output current was 1 Ampere. Therefore the maximum collector current of the series pass transistor had to be greater than 1 A. high power transistor was needed, but the current gain of power amplifiers is low (approximately 40). The base current and collector current for a transistor are related by the following expression. Substituting Current gain, hfe = 40 and Ic = 1 A, The LF351 op amp could not supply this base current. A Darlington Pair arrangement was used instead. Darlington Pairs have high current gain. The high power transistor chosen was TIP31C, packaged in a TO-220 Case. The current gain, hfe1 of this transistor was specified to be between 10 and 50, so a value of 30 was used. An NPN medium power transistor, BFY51 in a TO-39 metal package, was chosen for Tr2 in Figure 6. The current gain, hfe2 was found to be 123. Hence, total current gain of the Darlington Pair: hfe1 ÃÆ'- hfe2, i.e. 30 ÃÆ'- 123 = 3690. Substituting Current gain, hfetotal = 3690 and Ic = 1 A, Design of the Voltage Sensing Circuit The purpose of the Voltage Sensing Circuit was to determine the output voltage of the regulator and relay this voltage to the Analog to Digital Converter input. The Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) chip (ADC08040 IC) had a reference voltage of 4.5V. The maximum voltage possible was 9.5V. Hence if the voltage output was 9.5V, the ADC08040 input voltage should be 4.5V. VO had to be stepped down by a potential divider before it could be sent to the ADC08040. It was stepped down by a factor of . Let R1 = 1kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦, then R2 = 1kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ This voltage was sent to a Unity Gain Voltage Follower (Figure 8) and was input to the ADC circuit. (Prof. Gift, 2012) Voltage Sensor.bmp Figure : Voltage Sensing Circuit Design of the Current Protection Circuit The purpose of this was to disconnect the load from the regulator when the current flowing through the load surpassed 1A. The protection circuit monitored the load current and sent a signal to a device to disconnect the load, when the current rose to over 1A. A 1à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ shunt was used in series with the 9à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ load resistor. The shunt voltage was used to determine cut-off. An instrumentation amplifier was chosen (INA114AP) to compare the temperature sensor voltage and a potential divider voltage. The shunt voltage was amplified to increase chances of accurate determination of when to disconnect the load. A potential divider was constructed to deliver a4V, and the shunt voltage was also amplified to 4V. Potential Divider: Which gives: Let R1 = 20kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ The voltage from the shunt was amplified to 4V as well, and this was done by an op-amp and two resistors set up in the non-inverting amplification configuration shown below. The reference used to be amplified was 0.9V from the shunt, as this was the value which, if exceeded, cut-off and disconnection of the load was supposed to occur. For an non inverting amplifier, Vo = 4V, Vi = 0.4V, And Let R1 = 2.4kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦, R2 = 8.2kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ .Temperature Amp Input to INA.bmp Figure : Circuit for Comparison and Determination of Cut-off When both inputs have the same voltage across them, the instrumentation amplifier would have an output of zero. The transistor in Figure 10 would be turned off and the base would be at 0V. The transistor used was a 2N3904 (Ic = 200mA). If the output is non-zero, the base would be driven by a voltage and the transistor will be ON. When the output is zero (same inputs) the transistor would be OFF and the relay coil would be grounded through the transistor. Current would flow through the coil, producing a magnetic field, and the relay would latch. When the instrumentation amp inputs are different, the output would saturate at +Vcc, i.e. 9V. The coil would an equal voltage at either end and so would have no voltage drop across it, meaning no current flowing through it. The relay is effectively OFF. There is a Normally Open (N.O.) Switch between pins 2 3, and 7 5 of the relay as well as Normally Closed (N.C.) Switches across pins 2 3 and 7 6. The N.O. switches close and the N.C. switches open when the relay latches. The load was connected across the N.C. pins. When the instrumentation amp has the same inputs, (zero output), and there is a voltage drop across the coil, current flows and the relay latches, disconnecting the load from the circuit. The relay had a rated voltage of 6V and the coil had a measured resistance of 70.5à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦. The relays, however, were actually found to latch at a voltage of 3.2V. Therefore for calculation purposes 3.5V is used = 49.6mA was needed to latch the relay. A potential divider was used to provide the required voltage for the relay. For a resistor R3, This caused a voltage drop across the coil, larger enough to activate the coil when necessary. The voltage across resistor R3 is given by, For Ic = 49.6mA, The Base Current of the transistor is given by For Ic = 49.6mA, and hfe = 100, To bias the base of the transistor for the 9V output of the op-amp, A 16kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ resistor was used. This would change VBE of the transistor. The new VBE was well within the operating range required for the resistor. Temperature Cutoff.bmp Figure : Current Protection Circuit Design of the Current Sensing Circuit The Current Sensing Circuit determined the voltage regulator output load. This value of current would be received by the ADC input. The ADC chip (ADC08040 IC ) was 4.5V. The Current LUT could convert a maximum of 1.29A. This means when the regulator reaches 1.29A, the ADC will be at 4.5V. A 1à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ shunt resistor was placed in series with the load. The 9V regulated output would now be applied to a combined load of 10à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦. Voltage drop across the shunt: Therefore: The output voltage across the shunt is 0.9V. This will correspond with the maximum voltage which will give all 1s at the ADC output. Thus the voltage must be stepped up using a non-inverting op-amp. The voltage of 0.9V was stepped up to 4.5V. This means the gain is = 5 Let R1 = 2k à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦. Therefore, R2 = 8kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ The potential divider voltage was passed through the amplifier and then input into the ADC. Current Sensing Circuit.bmp Figure : Current Sensing Circuit Design of the Temperature Protection Circuit This disconnects the load from the regulator when the temperature of the Power Transistor (TIP31C) reached 40 °C. The Power Transistor temperature was monitored and at 40 °C, a signal would be sent from the circuit to a device, disconnecting the load. The LM35DZ was chosen. Its sensitivity was 10mV/ °C. At 40 °C, the temperature sensor output would be 0.4V. An instrumentation amplifier (INA114AP) was chosen to compare the temperature sensor voltage and the potential divider voltage. For a more accurate determination of the load, the temperature sensor output voltage was amplified. The potential divider delivered a voltage of 4V, and the sensor output voltage was also amplified to 4V. Therefore: Let R1 = 20kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ An op amp and two resistors were used to build a non-inverting amplifier in order to set the temperature sensor voltage to 4V. The reference voltage was 0.4V, since it is at this point cut-off should take place. For a non-inverting amplifier: , , Let R1=1kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ and R2=9kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦, Temperature Amp Input to INA.bmp Figure : Amplifier Circuit for Comparison and Determination of Cut-off . When both input voltages are the same, the amplifier output would be 0V, turning off the transistor. (No VBE present). A 2N3904 transistor was used (Ic = 200mA), so the current would be large enough to latch the relay. If the amplifier output is not 0V, there would be a voltage drop across the base and the transistor would be ON. When the amplifier output is 0V, the transistor would be OFF, grounding the relay, causing current flow in the coil, latching the relay. When the amplifier inputs are at different levels, the output saturates at +Vcc = 9V. Equal voltages exist at both ends of the coil, so no current flows hence the relay is OFF. A Normally Open (N.O.) Switch exists across pins 2 3, and 7 5 of the relay. Normally Closed (N.C.) Switches exist across pins 2 3 and 7 6. The N.O. switches close and the N.C. switches open upon latching. Consider this load connected across the N.C pins and the amplifier has equal inputs. The amplifier output is 0V, causing a voltage drop across the relay coil, causing current flow and latching of the relay. It follows then that the load is disconnected from the circuit. For a resistor R3, R3 was used to activate the coil by creating a voltage drop across it. For Ic = 49.6mA, For biasing, A 16kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ resistor was used instead. Temperature Cutoff.bmp Figure : Temperature Protection Circuit This circuit was designed to relay the temperature of the power (TIP31C) to the ADC input. The ADC chip (ADC08040 IC ) reference voltage was 4.5V. The Temperature LUT could convert up to 129à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °C. At this temperature, the ADC should be 4.5V. A Temperature Sensor (LM35DZ) in a TO-92 package used to determine the temperature. This had a sensitivity of 10mV/ °C. At 129 °C, VO = 1.29V. Sensor output voltage was stepped up using a non-inverting op amp by a factor of , Let R1 = 1k à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦. R2 = 2.49kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€  2.5kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ The sensor voltage was amplified and input into the ADC. Temperature Sensing Circuit.bmp Figure : Temperature Sensing Circuit A copper strip board was used to build the voltage regulator circuit since the solderless breadboard could only take up to 0.5A. Inputs: Voltage Supply of 15V Outputs: Voltage Sensing Output OV Ground Regulated 9V Output Temperature Sensing Voltage A voltage follower was used to buffer the output. The circuit was constructed as seen in figure 15: Figure : Complete Sensing and Cut-off Circuit DESIGN OF THE ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERSION CIRCUIT An 8 bit representation was used with reference to the 4.5V signal. The analog signal was converted to a digital signal from the 3 sensing circuits using the schematic shown below. Analog to digital conversion was done using the. A resistor pack was used to provide over current protection. This circuit was built and tested for each of the three sensing circuits. A combination of LEDs was used for the input of the analog voltage. AD Converter Circuit.bmp Figure : Schematic for ADC control configuration Op amps were used to buffer the inputs. The outputs were mapped onto the respective pins of the 40-pin IDE cable used to interface with the Spartan III Board. Figure : 40 Pin Expansion Connector (Spartan III Toolkit Datasheet) Data was transmitted using these pins to the ADC. DIGITAL COMPONENT The FPGA board was programmed so as to use the Seven Segment Display. Xilinx ISE 7.1i was used to design and construct the display for all the variables. Design of the Basic Display Unit Multiplexers, Frequency Dividers, a Look up Table Device and a Binary Coded Decimal to 7-Segment Converter were used to create the Display Unit. The 16-bit 31 Multiplexer Multiplexers may have more than one input but usually have one output. A combination of numbers is assigned to each input pin. Using these combinations, the respective input data is sent to the output pin. Therefore the bits that are chosen which input data set to display. In this design, two multiplexers were used, a 4-bit 41 and a 16-bit 31 multiplexer. 31 means 3 data inputs, 16- bit means each input is of 16 bit capacity. 16bit3to1muxschem.bmp Figure : Schematic Diagram of a 16-bit 3 to 1-line Multiplexer The 4-bit 41 Multiplexer The 4-bit 41 multiplexer can handle up to four combinations of inputs. To select which input is displayed, two bits are necessary. The output was a bus of width 4 bits. It split the 16 bit output into four sets of 4 bits. The 4-bit 41 multiplexer is shown in figure 19. 4bit4to1mux.bmp Figure : Schematic Diagram of a 4-bit 4 to 1-line Multiplexer Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) to 7-Segment Display Unit The BCD unit accepts four bits of data, e.g. D3D2D1D0, and determines which segments of the 7-segment display to turn on and off so as to represent the value of the input data. Figure 20 shows a 7-segment display. This type of display is common in electronic equipment e.g. calculators, microwaves, digital clocks. The Minimum Expressions for the BCD are: Seg_a = D3D2D1D0 + D2D1D0 + D3D2 + D3D1 Seg_b = D2D1D0 + D2D1D0 + D3D2 + D3D1 Seg_c = D2D1D0 + D3D2 + D3D1 Seg_d = D2D1D0 + D2D1D0 + D2D1D0 + D3D1 + D3D2 Seg_e = D0 + D2D1 + D3D1 Seg_f = D3D2 + D2D1 + D1D0 + D3D2D0 Seg_g = D3D2 + D3D1 + D2D1D0 + D3D2D1 For each expression, logic gate circuits were created. Each segment was then used to build the final BCD to 7-Segment Converter. The combinations of segments that would form the values were organised. The Look-Up-Table (LUT) This was used to determine which display unit anodes were to be turned on and off. There were four individual 7-segment displays. Each one had its own anode and as such could be controlled by choosing the anode of the respective display. lut.bmp Figure : Schematic Diagram of a Look-Up-Table (LUT) Modulo 4 Counter The Modulo 4 counter was used to perform automatic cycling of the anodes to be displayed. Only one anode was on at a time for each different combination. Moduloo4counter.bmp Figure : Schematic Diagram of a Modulo 4 Counter For multiplexed displays, the entire display is not lit up as the same time. The characters are made up of segments which, under certain conditions, become active. Each character is displayed one at a time. Switching of characters takes place so fast it appears that all the displays are on at the same time. The speed of switching is called the frequency divider (in this case 1kHz). This activates the modulo 4 counter which causes the LUT to choose one of four inputs to be chosen from the 4-bit 4 to 1 multiplexer to send to the 7 segment display. The Combined Display Unit Data Unit.bmp Figure :Schematic Diagram of the Display Unit Upgrade of the Display Unit to display the Decimal Point The LUT controls the switching of the anodes on the four 7 segment displays. Each 7 Segment Display has a decimal point that can be turned on or off if necessary. This was necessary in this project when displaying voltage and current. For a voltage, the decimal point is on the 3rd anode, a2. 0 9. 0 V For a current, the decimal point is on the 4th anode, a3. 0. 9 9 A This means that the point will only be on when S0 and S1 select to display voltage or current, and when the third or fourth anodes are on respectively. The Essential Prime Implicants were chosen from a truth table and the minimized expression was produced as follows: The Logic Gate circuit was constructed as shown below and implemented in Xilinx ISE 7.1i. A Macro was then created and connected appropriately in the Updated Display Unit Schematic. Decimal Point Upgrade.bmp Figure : Logic Gate Circuit for Decimal Point Upgrade Upgrade of the Display Unit to display the Units for each Variable The Display Unit was upgraded a second time in order to allow the units of each parameter to show Parameter Unit Symbol for Unit Voltage Volts V Current Amperes A Temperature Degrees Celsius à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °C Table : Parameters to be Displayed and their Respective Units The BCD Converter had to be updated to ensure when certain select bits were chosen, the segments would align to form the unit symbol on the first anode. Since there are four select inputs, D3D2D1D0 , there are 16 possible combinations of these bits forming different outputs. 0000 to 1001 in binary form represents 0 to 9 in decimal form. This means that there are combinations 1010 to 1111 to choose from to display a unit. 1101 was chosen for voltage, 1110 for current and 1111 for temperature. Figure : Common

Skin Cancer :: essays research papers

Skin Cancer What is it and how to prevent it Skin cancer is the most prevalent of all cancers. There are three types of skin cancer: basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma. In this presentation I plan to discuss a little about each of these cases as well as tell ways to prevent and treat them. The first most common skin cancer is basal cell carcinoma. This cancer develops in the basal or bottom layer of the epidermis, which is the top layer of the skin. The cause of this cancer is a gene called patched or PTC, which helps to control cell growth and development. If this gene is missing, defective, or damaged by ultra violet radiation, unrestrained cell proliferation may result. Basal cell carcinoma usually appears as a small, fleshy bump, which most often appears on the head, neck, or hands. This type of cancer seldom occurs in African Americans, but they are the most common skin cancers found in fair- skinned persons. These tumors don’t spread quickly. It could take months or years for one to grow to a diameter of one- half inch. If untreated the cancer could begin to bleed, crust over, heal and then the cycle repeats. The second most common skin cancer is squamous cell carcinoma. This cancer develops in the upper layers of the epidermis. Although this cancer is more aggressive than basal cell cancer, it is still relatively slow growing and is more likely to spread to other locations, including internal organs. Squamous cell cancer is usually found on the rim of the ear, the face, the lips and mouth. However, the disease is usually painless, but may become painful with the development of ulcers that do not heal. This cancer often originates from sun- damaged skin and usually begins at age 50. When found and treated early as well as properly, the cure rate by dermatological surgery is 95%. The third and most deadly skin cancer is malignant melanoma. This cancer develops in the pigment cells, which are found throughout the basal layer. Although melanoma is almost always curable when detected early, it is responsible for three quarters of all skin cancer deaths. About 48,000 new cases are diagnosed annually in the United States. About 7,700 people die from this disease each year. Melanoma may suddenly appear without warning but it may also begin in or near a mole or other dark spots in the skin.

Bless Me Ultima Essay -- essays research papers

Blood becomes the river. The human race dies and only the â€Å"she-goats and the he-goats† (109) remain. The lake â€Å"cracked with laughter of madness† and the â€Å"ghosts stood and walked upon the shore†.(109) Who dares dream such gruesome images? Antonio Marez. He questions God, he communicates with the dead, the dead ask him for blessings. Just who is this Tony? Tony is only a seven year boy who lives in small town of El Puerto. But he is no ordinary boy, he is the hero of Rudolfo Anaya’s Bless Me Ultima. The novel guides you through Tony’s life. From childhood to adulthood. It tells you about the experiences Tony has in life. The difficult tasks he has to overcome. Tony being only seven years old has to go through a lot.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tony begins his story in the beginning. He does not mean the beginning of his dreams from which he learned the story of his birth and the people whom his father and mother belong to, and the story of his three brothers. He means the beginning of Ultima. Ultima is one of the most important people in Tony’s life. She is not only a curandera (healer) she is also Tony’s teacher. She guides him through his journey. A journey in which he has to find out what his destiny is. â€Å"Ultima† means â€Å"the end† for Tony Ultima is the unification between the beginning and the end. Time almost sees her as a sort of deity. Tony learns from her the names of plants, the herbs, the flowers, bushes and his appreciation for nature grows. Tony learns about the â€Å"...

Family Expecations Essay

I have found that family expectations are both problematic as well as helpful as I have grown and matured.   My family’s expectations revolve around our shared histories and aspirations as well as their perceptions of what I might be successful at or enjoy in life.   On the other hand, my life outside of my family has developed to a point where I gain encouragement and confirmation about my abilities and projections from other sources, such as my peers, my work, and through socializing. My ultimate priorities are up to me and only I can determine whether or not I am meeting my expectations no matter what my family believes.   That being said, pressures and expectations from my family has helped me to identify certain paths that I might prove successful for me in the long term.   My family usually has my best intentions in mind when they discuss their expectations for me and that can be a comforting and confidence inspiring motivation.   Additionally, if I have doubts about meeting my expectations, my family is there to advise me on what they feel I should or should not be doing in a particular situation based on their wisdom and previous experiences. In contrast, I often feel that my family’s expectations for me are based around what they knew of me as a younger adult or child.   Instead of asking me about my current goals and projects, often times they will revert back to telling me what my dreams were as a kid, or even worse, what dreams they had for me when I was a kid.   I understand that they are trying to be optimistic and positive influences on me, but at the same time I have grown up outside of my family and have created new ideas and goals for my future; not the necessarily the future that they always have had envisioned for me. Prioritizing family expectations is a balancing act for me because I want to make my family proud while at the same time living life according to my own principles.   This can be a difficult terrain to traverse, but ultimately it leads to more open and honest discussions about the best way to live life.   In our family, these discussions can at times become heated, but they are always interesting and we come out of them with newfound respect and hopes for the future. I have found that sometimes not living up to family expectations has been the most fruitful decisions I have personally made in my life.   Making my own choices and following my dreams in spite of my family’s expectations has paid off.   My family is proud of me for having the courage and the ambition to follow through on what I believe in.   If that is in fact their ultimate expectation for me, then I have found the balance necessary to surpass those expectations in the face of all obstacles.

Limb Loss A Major Event Health And Social Care Essay

Amputation could be described as the remotion of a organic structure appendage or portion by surgery or injury. If taken as a surgical step, it is used to command hurting or disease procedure in the affected portion or limb. A individual with an amputation may experience mutilated, empty and vulnerable. Traumatic amputation is a ruinous hurt and frequently a major cause of disablement ( Wald 2004 ) . Furthermore, reduced self-pride, societal isolation, organic structure image jobs, and sense of stigmatisation have besides been associated with limb loss ( William et al. 2004 ) . In some state of affairss, amputation are ineluctable. Irrespective of the cause, amputation is a mutilating surgery and it decidedly affects the lives of these patients ( De Godoy et Al. 2002 ) . Amputation of limb is a common thing in this present society. The loss of a limb distorts the persons organic structure image taking to the idea of non being a complete human being. The loss of the maps performed with that limb renders him helpless for sometime.Apart from loss of physical maps, the amputee besides loses hopes and aspirations for the hereafter ; his programs and aspirations get shattered. Therefore, he loses non merely a limb but besides a portion of his universe and hereafter. A considerable figure of them remain disquieted and dying about their interpersonal relationship in the societal, vocational, familial and matrimonial surroundings. Those few who have an open mental dislocation will necessitate active psychiatric intervention. In others in whom the mental symptoms are non so obvious, a careful psychiatric interview is necessary to convey to the bow the interior convulsion whichmay need aid of a head-shrinker. Limb loss is a major event that can badly impact the psychological wellness of the person concerned. Surveies show that 20-60 % of the amputees go toing follow up clinics are assessed to be clinically depressed. Persons with traumatic amputation irrespective of the age are likely to endure subsequent troubles with respect to their organic structure image, but these are bit more dramatic in the younger age groups. The psychological reactions to amputation are clearly diverse runing from terrible disablement at one extreme ; and a finding to efficaciously restart a full and active life at other terminal. In grownups the age at which an person receives the amputation is an of import factor. Surveies by Bradway JK et Al 1984 [ 15 ] , Kohl SJ Et Al 1984 [ 30 ] , Livneh H 1999 [ 9 ] , on the psycho-social version to amputation has led to a overplus of clinical and empirical findings. Kingdon D et Al 1982 equated amputation with loss of one ‘s perceptual experience of wholenessA while Parkes CM 1976 [ 10 ] with loss of partner andA Block WE et al 1963 [ 16 ] , Goldberg RT et Al 1984 with symbolic emasculation & A ; even death.A The person ‘s response to a traumatic event is influenced by personality traits, pre-morbid psychological province, gender, peri-traumatic dissociation, drawn-out disablement of traumatic events, deficiency of societal support and unequal header schemes. The old researches on amputation has focused chiefly on demographic variables, get bying mechanisms, and outcome steps ; with there being a scarceness of literature on prevalence of assorted specific psychiatric upsets in the post-amputation period. Most patients with a limb loss irrespective of whether due to traumatic or surgical processs go through a series of complex psychological responses ( Cansever et al 2003 [ 6 ] ) . Most people try to get by with it, those who do n't win develop psychiatric symptoms ( Frank et al 1984 [ 7,8 ] ) .A Shukla et Al ( 1982 ) [ 4 ] A andA Frierson and Lippmann ( 1987 ) A note that psychological intercession in some signifier is needed in approximately 50 % of all amputees, andA Shulka and co-workers ( 1982 ) [ 4 ] A study depression to be the most common psychological reaction following amputation. The three major jobs faced by many amputees are anxiousness, depression and physical disablement ( Green 2007 ) Horgan & A ; MacLachlan ( 2004 ) found Anxiety to be associated with depression, low ego regard, poorer sensed quality of life and higher degree of general anxiousness. With increasing age both anxiousness and depressive symptoms are associated with greater physical disablement ( Brenes et al. 2008 ) . Body image may be defined as the combination of an person ‘s psychosocial accommodation, experiences, feelings and attitudes that relate to the signifier, map, visual aspects and desirableness of one ‘s ain organic structure which is influenced by single and environmental factors ( Horgan & A ; MacLachlan 2004 ) . Each individual holds an idealised image of the organic structure, which he uses to mensurate the percepts and constructs of his or her ain organic structure ( Fishman, 1959 ) . From another position, Flannery & A ; Faria ( 1999 ) see body image in a individual as a dynamic changing phenomenon, it is formed by feelings and perceptual experiences about a individual ‘s organic structure that are invariably altering. Harmonizing to Newell ( 1991 ) , attractive people post amputation will probably have less support from others ensuing in a lessening in self-esteem and a lessening in positive self-image. Jacobsen et Al ( 1997 ) survey supports this stating that amputation consequences in disfiguration which may take to a negative organic structure image and possible loss of societal credence. The relationship between disablement experience and stigma are interwoven and inter-dependent. The ground for the amputees subjective perceptual experience of being unfit for the society is likely that organic structure image non merely provides a sense of †self ‘ ‘but besides affects how we think, act and relate to others ( Wald 2004 ) . Harmonizing to Kolb ( 1975 ) , an change in an person ‘s organic structure image sets up a series of emotional, perceptual and psychological reactions. Fishman ( 1959 ) states a individual â€Å" must larn to populate with his perceptual experiences of his disablement † instead than â€Å" with his disablement. † Successful accommodation for the amputee appears to be in the incorporation of the prosthetic device into his or her organic structure image and his or her focal point on the hereafter and non on the portion lost ( Malone JM, Moore, WS, Goldston J, A et Al, 1979 and, Bradway JK [ 15 ] , Malone JM, Racy J, A et al 1984 ) . The psychiatric facets of amputation has received light involvement in our state, inspite of inadvertent hurts being common ( Shukla et al. , 1982 [ 4 ] ) . The commonest psychiatric upset seen in amputees is major depression. Randall et Al. ( 1945 ) have reported an incidence of 61 % in non-battle casualties, while Shukla et Al. ( 1982 ) [ 4 ] found depressive neuroticism ( 40 % ) and psychiatric depression ( 22 % ) as taking psychiatric upsets in amputees ; merely 35 % of the entire sample in the later survey had nil psychiatric upsets. The dearth of literature in this field has prompted us to analyze of amputation and its carbon monoxide morbid psychiatric conditions so that we may be after care & amp ; direction for these patients. The present survey was undertaken with the purpose of analyzing the psychiatric jobs particularly anxiety, depression and organic structure dysmorphic syndrome which may be associated with disablement or changed life fortunes in the immediate post-ampu tation period. A comparing was made with Stroke patients as these patients excessively frequently experience similar physical and societal disabilities to amputees. Depression is the most common temper upset to follow shot ( Starkstein & A ; Robinson, 1989 ) , with major depression impacting around one one-fourth to one tierce of patients ( Beekman et al. , 1998 ; Ebrahim, Barer, & A ; Nouri, 1987 ; Hackett, Yapa, Parag, & A ; Anderson, 2005 ; Pohjasvaara et al. , 1998 ) . Depression has an inauspicious consequence on cognitive map, functional recovery, and endurance. Diagnostic and statistical manual ( DSM ) IV categorizes station shot depression as â€Å" temper upset due to general medical status ( i.e. shot ) † with the specific depressive characteristics, major depressive-like episodes, frenzied characteristics or assorted features.Two types of depressive upset associated with intellectual ischaemias have been described from surveies done with patient informations from acute infirmary admittance, community studies, or out patient clinics. Major depression occurs in up to 25 % of patients ; and minor depression occurs in 30 % of patient. Prevalence clearly varies over clip with an evident extremum 3months after the shot and later worsen in prevalence at 1 twelvemonth. Robinson and co-workers surveies showed a self-generated remittal in the natural class of major depression happening station shot in the first to 2nd twelvemonth following shot . However in few instances depression may go chronic and persist for a longer period. While some propose that station shot depression is due to stroke impacting the nervous circuits concerned with temper ordinance therby back uping a primary biological mechanism, others in the scientific community claim it to be due to the resulting societal and psychological stressors happening as a consequence of shot. Though an incorporate bio- psycho- societal theoretical account is warranted, most surveies clearly suggest the biological mechanism to hold the upper manus in the ulterior station stroke period than in the immediate stage. In the same manner Anxiety was about every bit common as depression and extra patients became dying at each clip point. Around 20 per cent of people will develop an anxiousness upset, most normally in the first three to four months after the shot. While the literature on PSA remains in its babyhood, the literature has begun to analyze its relationship to similar demographic, hurt, cognitive, and physical features as those examined for PSD. In footings of hurt features, PSA correlates significantly with right hemisphere lesions, while co-morbid PSA and PSD are linked to go forth hemisphere lesions ( Astrom,1996 ) .A Castillo etal. ( 1993 ) A foundA anxietyA more prevailing in association with posterior right hemisphere lesions, whereas worry withoutA anxietydisorderA was associated with anterior lesions. ThoseA studiesA that have found relationships between PSA and age and gender study that adult females ( Morrison, Johnston, & A ; Walter, 2000 ; A Schultz, Castillo, Kosier, & A ; Robinson, 1997 ) and younger patients ( & lt ; 59 old ages ) are more susceptible to PSA ( Schultz et al. , 1997 ) , while others report no important relationship ( Dennis et al. , 2000 ) .Review literature:Amputation: Sociodemographic factors: Several surveies revealed that major depressive upsets and greater depressive symptomatology were more prevailing at lower degrees of socioeconomic position [ Bruce L et Al 1994, Stansfeld et al 1992 ] . However, income degrees of people with an amputa-tion were non related to depressive symptoms [ Behel J M et Al 2004 ] . Dunn used a 10-page questionnaire to determine a assortment of personal features such as matrimonial position, faith, instruction, and etiology, etc. about each of 138 topics recruited from the Eastern Amputee Golf Association.13 With a scope of points, the survey focused on those â€Å" related to the effects of positive significance, optimism, and perceived control on depression and self-pride. â€Å" 13 Depression was measured utilizing the CES-D while self-pride was assessed by the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale ( RSE ) . Sing physical factors, Dunn found that younger amputees were significantly more at hazard to develop depression than older amputees ( P & lt ; .05 ) . Mentioning Williamson and Schulz every bit good as Frank [ 7,8 ] et Al, the writer suggests that both activity restriction-perhaps more usual, accepted by older persons than young-and visual aspect anxiousness may account for the determination. Wald et al supported Dunn ‘s findings with a mention to Fisher & A ; Hanspal and Livneh ‘s articles that suggests immature individuals, with amputations secondary to trauma, are more likely to develop depression than older individuals with amputations secondary to disease.3 Wald et Al besides cites Cheung et al as demoing that individuals with upper appendage amputations had higher rates of depression than lower appendage amputees. Darnall et Al ‘s telephone cross-sectional study revealed some interesting physical hazard factors for depression. The survey found that comorbidities were a important hazard factor ( for one comorbidity, p=.007 ; for two comorbidities, pa†°Ã‚ ¤.001 ) . Anyone with terrible apparition hurting was 2.92 times more likely to develop depression than those without annoying pain.8 Other types of hurting such as residuary limb or back hurting were besides found to increase the opportunity of developing depressive symptoms. Hanley et al took 70 topics, 1 month post-amputation of the lower appendage, and asked inquiries about map, apparition limb hurting, header, etc. The patients were assessed once more at 12 and 24 months after the amputation.14 Phantom limb hurting was measured utilizing points adapted from the Graded Chronic Pain Scale ( GCPS ) and pain intervention was measured by portion of the Brief Pain Inventory ( BPI ) . Later, multiple arrested development analyses were used to find what factors at the initial appraisal may hold predicted the development of depression. Ultimately, the survey found the most certain physical factor to increase the hazard of depression was the presence along with the badness of apparition limb hurting. Using HADS with 105 topics at an amputation rehabilitation ward, Singh et al found none of the following to be risk factors for depression or anxiousness: age, gender, clip since amputation, degree or prosthetic bringing events.10 There was, nevertheless, a important correlativity between the presence of comorbidities and depression ( p & lt ; .01 ) every bit good as between life in isolation and anxiousness ( p & lt ; .05 ) . The writers offer small account for their findings. Dunn found ab initio that none of the following appeared to be risk factors for depression: gender, degree of amputation, matrimonial position, race, income degree, instruction, employment, or spiritual affiliation.13 Ultimately, nevertheless, the survey did find-as Wald et Al subsequently reported-that beyond young person as a physical hazard factor for depression, there were several emotional/psychological hazard factors.3 Subjects who were less optimistic-not needfully pessimistic-about their state of affairs were more likely to develop depression, as were those who could non happen significance in their amputation experience and anyone who felt they had small control over their intervention and position. It was the participants who reported missing a positive mentality, who could believe merely of the negative effects, and who felt out of control or unimportant that tended to show down symptoms as clip progressed. Wald et al went farther to mention Breakey and Rybarczyk et Al with findings proposing that missing a societal support system, holding issues with visual aspect, and uncomfortableness in society due to personal perceptual experiences about societal interactions all increased the likeliness of developing depression.3 This construct of hurt and depression issue from the amputee keeping certain beliefs about visual aspect and being sensitive to public uneasiness was echoed in the findings of Atherton et al.11 That survey explained the findings by proposing that individuals with high public uneasiness were by and large the type of individual to care a batch about societal contact and what is considered â€Å" normal † ; these individuals would be acutely cognizant of how they might now be perceived to be â€Å" different † and accordingly experience hard-pressed. Lack of societal support after an amputation was found to be a hazard factor in several of the reviewed surveies, including Darnall et al.8 The survey discovered that those topics who were, at the clip of or shortly after the amputation, either divorced or separated from a important other were more likely to develop depressive symptoms. Besides likely to increase depression rates was populating near the poorness degree ; depression, nevertheless, was buffered by the topic holding a higher instruction. Populating near the poorness degree and holding a higher instruction, although both are imaginable particularly sing the emphasis poorness topographic points upon individuals with medical conditions, was non confirmed in any of the other literature reviewed here. Previous depressive episodes and abnormal psychology was found to be a hazard factor for later depression in both Meyer and Ehde et al.5,9 Meyer ‘s survey suggested that pre-injury personality disfunction had the greatest influence on the prevalence of depression after an amputation, in this instance of the manus. Ehde et al discovered old depressive episodes-since the amputation but earlier in the survey of 24 months-to be more declarative, instead than pre-injury mental province. The survey besides suggests gender and societal support to be of import factors in the development of depression. Interestingly, Ehde et Al claims that pain catastrophizing by the topic while in the infirmary puting leads to modern-day and later increased rates of depression.9 Commenting on its contradiction to common cognition and other literature on this point, Hanley et al studies happening that hurting catastrophizing in patients decreased the prevalence of depression in survey subjects.14 The writers speculate that patient hurting catastrophizing, peculiarly in the ague attention puting, garnered more attending from wellness attention staff and household, with it possibly more of the psychological or physical attention they needed to retrieve. This suggests that, by being more demanding, the patients received support that other less-vocal patients did non. Last, beyond hapless hurting tolerance, both Seidel et Al and Desmond found that topics who avoided discussing or screening and were in denial about their amputation were more likely to develop depression both ab initio and long-term.6,7 Subjects who preferred to avoid admiting their new position as amputees besides tended to hold hapless credence of their prosthetic device. This became evident at the clip of prosthetic adjustments when topics frequently became progressively distressed, by and large going depressed.Depression and anxiousness:Most surveies agree that between 20 and 30 % of amputees qualify for MDD after amputation This depression is frequently associated with anxiousness and may or may non be attributable to posttraumatic emphasis upset. All surveies describing on the prevalence of depression in the amputee population found rates higher than those in the general population, peculiarly in the months and old ages instantly following the amputation. Grunert et al. , as cited in Wald et Al, found that, at the initial appraisal after manus hurt, 62.4 % of topics claimed depressive symptoms. Another reappraisal, Horgan et Al, cites Caplan et al as happening 58 % of topics to measure up for MDD at 18-months station amputation while mentioning Bodenheimer et Al ‘s findings of a 30 % depression rate. Meyer determined that the bulk of surveies on depression in amputees, on norm, found a prevalence of about 30 % , between three and six times higher than the world-wide rate. Seidel et Al found a similar rate of depression among individuals after the amputation of a lower appendage as opposed to the more socially noticeable upper appendage and custodies. In a three-part cross-sectional study administered to 75 patients seen at the Klinik und Poliklinik fur Technische Orthopade des Universitatsklinikums Munster, topics were asked inquiries and assessed harmonizing to the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale ( HADS ) , In this survey, 27 % and 25 % of the topics with a lower appendage amputation demonstrated increased depression or anxiousness, severally ; 18.3 % had both higher depression and anxiousness. Desmond determined that 28.3 % of the topics had tonss to bespeak possible MDD and 35.5 % qualified for clinical anxiousness. Darnall et al completed a cross-sectional study via telephone with 914 capable amputees.8 The topics were selected from a database of people who contacted the Amputee Coalition of America between 1998 and 2000 ; the sample was categorized per the topics ‘ etiologies but both upper and lower appendage amputations were included. Through informations analysis the survey found a depression prevalence of 28.7 % which the writers concluded was comparable to rates antecedently reported in surveies of depression in the amputee population. Singh et Al performed a cohort survey on 105 individuals with lower appendage amputation secondary to a assortment of etiologies who were admitted to an amputee rehabilitation ward.10 Upon admittance and discharge, each topic completed the HADS ; during the class of their stay, certain factors about each patient-such as gender, societal inside informations and found at admittance, 26.7 % of the topics were classified as down and 24.8 % as dying. Through a cross-sectional study of 67 new ( within the past five old ages ) adult lower appendage amputees who wear prosthetic devices, Atherton et al investigated the topics ‘ longer term psychological accommodation to amputation and found 13.4 % of the topics to be depressed and 29.9 % to be dying. Ziad M Hawamdeh et Al, have shown the prevalence of depressive and anxiousness symptoms to be 20 % and 37 % severally, which is consistent with several old surveies that confirmed high rates of anxiousness and depressive symptoms after amputation with prevalence up to 41 % ( Kashani et al 1983 ; Schubert et Al 1992 ; Hill et al 1995 ; Cansever et Al 2003 [ 6 ] ; Atherton and Robertson 2006 ; Seidel et Al 2006 ) . Most surveies have found no important relationship between the clip resulting amputation and psychological perturbations ( Rybarczyk et al 1992 ; Thompson et Al 1984 ) , ( Horgan and Maclachlan 2004 ) . Horgan and Maclachlan ( 2004 ) in their publication on amputations psychological accommodation concluded that depression and anxiousness seemingly are higher in the first 2 old ages post amputation and thenceforth worsen to degrees prevalent in the general population. Singh and Hunter 2007 in their recent survey concluded depression neodymium anxiousness symptoms to decide after in patient rehab for a short continuance. Gender is one of the sociodemographic factor that could be associated with result following amputation. In footings of psychological wellbeing following amputation, most surveies have found no difference in psychosocial result between work forces and adult females ( Bradway et al 1984 [ 15 ] ; Williamson 1995 ; Williamson and Walters 1996 ) . But surveies performed by Kashani and col-leagues ( 1983 ) , O'Toole and co-workers ( 1984 ) , and Pezzin and co-workers ( 2000 ) , have reported adult females to be more likely to see depression, and to execute more ill on a step that includes an appraisal of emotional adaptability. Fisher and Hanspal ( 1998 ) , Livneh and co-workers ( 1999 ) [ 9 ] suggested immature grownups with traumatic amputation to be at higher hazard of major depression in comparing to persons with surgical amputations. Other surveies analyzing the relationship between cause of amputation and psychosocial result have found no consequence of amputation on psychiatric symptoms ( Shukla et al 1982 [ 4 ] ) , anxiousness ( Weinstein 1985 ) , and depressive symptoms ( Kashani et al 1983 ; Rybarczyk et Al 1992 ; Williamson and Walters 1996 ) . Engstorm et Al ( 2001 ) , showed that the amputee ‘s current household reactions to hold a important consequence on accommodation. Williamson et Al ( 1984 ) , Thompson and Haran ( 1984 ) , Rybarczyk et Al ( 1992, 1995 ) , found depression to be more prevailing in those who are socially stray and with low sensed degrees of societal support. Harmonizing to Weinstein ( 1985 ) , although above articulatio genus amputations are associated with poorer rehabilitation results and higher activity limitation degrees, AK amputations were non found to be associated with increased degrees of anxiousness, societal uncomfortableness, general psychiatric symptoms ( Shukla et al 1982 [ 4 ] ) , depression ( Behel et al 2002 ) , or accommodation to amputation ( Tyc 1992 ) . O'Toole et Al ( 1984 ) found that persons with BK amputation to be more likely down than those with AK amputations because BK is less badly disenabling than AK in footings of operation.Body image perturbation:Few surveies have been reported in the literature in the country of research on organic structure image and the amputee. Fishman ( 1959 ) determined the amputee ‘s perceptual experience of his or her physical disablement has a greater influence on successful rehabilitation than the extent of the disablement. He states, â€Å" A figure of really specific psychological, societal and physiological homo demands are thwarted when one becomes physically handicapped as a consequence of amputation†¦ . The method of seting psychologically to an amputation is chiefly a map of the preamputation personality and psychosocial background of the individual. Each individual holds an idealised image of the organic structure, which he uses to mensurate the percepts and constructs of his or her ain organic structure ( Fishman, 1959 ) . From another position, Flannery & A ; Faria ( 1999 ) see body image in a individual as a dynamic changing phenomenon, it is formed by feelings and perceptual experiences about a individual ‘s organic structure that are invariably altering. Harmonizing to Kohl ( 1984 ) [ 30 ] , a individual who has lost a limb must see him- or herself every bit merely that ( a individual who has lost a limb ) and non burthen him- or herself with labels such as â€Å" amputee. † Kohl [ 30 ] suggests this attitude is the key to a positive accommodation to a new organic structure image after an amputation. Shontz ( 1974 ) suggests an person who is losing a limb has three organic structure images: the preamputation integral organic structure, the organic structure with limb loss and the organic structure image when have oning a prosthetic device. The weiss et Al ( 1971 ) studied 56 transfemoral amputees and 44 transtibial amputees utilizing a comprehensive battery of trials and a 50-item Amputee Behavior Rating Scale. The evaluation graduated table assessed the existent behavior of the amputees as observed by the members of the amputee clinic squad. This signifier was completed by the squad members: the doctor, healer, prosthetics and rehabilitation counselor. On about all measures the transtibial amputees obtained better tonss than the transfemoral amputees. The research workers wises et Al ( 1971 ) found â€Å" the degree of amputation was significantly related to legion facets of psychophysiological and personality working while aetiology was non. † They concluded that since transtibial amputees are less handicapped as a group, they by and large function better than transfemoral amputees. In add-on, they suggest the less-positive self-image of the transfemoral amputees besides can be attributed to a less-appealing p ace, frequently with a noticeable hitch ( wises et al 1971 ) .Post shot:Sociodemographic profile:The possible influences of socioeconomic position ( SES ) , age and gender on the development of depression following shot have all been examined, with inconsistent consequences ( Ouimet et al. 2001 ) . Although one could foretell intuitively that lower SES and increasing age are associated with the hazard for PSD, this is non needfully the instance. Andersen et Al. ( 1995 ) reported that SES had no influence on the hazard for post-stroke depression and recent surveies suggest that younger instead than older age is associated with increased hazard ( Eriksson et al. 2004 ; Carota et Al. 2005 ) . Given the well higher prevalence of depression among adult females when compared to work forces in the general population ( Wilhelm & A ; Parker 1994 ; Ouimet et Al. 2001 ; Salokangas et Al. 2002 ) , a higher prevalence of PSD among adult females might be expected. While the consequences from some surveies support the association between female sex and PSD ( Desmond et al. 2003 ; Paradiso & A ; Robinson 1998 ; Ouimet et Al. 2001, Eriksson et al. , 2004, Paolucci et Al. 2005 ) , others do non ( Ouimet et al. 2001 ; Berg et Al. 2003 ; Whyte et Al. 2004, Spalletta et Al. 2005 ) . However, there may be existent differences between work forces and adult females in footings of the comparative importance of hazard factors for PSD. Among work forces, physical damage may be a more influential hazard factor ( Paradiso & A ; Robinson 1998 ; Berg et Al. 2003 ) , while among adult females, old history of psychiatric upset may be more of import ( Paradiso & A ; Robinson 1998 ) .Depression and anxi ousness:Three possible accounts for the association between physical unwellness and depression have been sought. First, and least likely is a coinciding relationship. The 2nd is a negative temper reaction to the physical effects of the shot. The impact of the physical unwellness may exert its consequence through the losingss it causes to the person as a major negative life event ( losingss to selfesteem, independency, employment, etc. ) . The 3rd possible account is a neurotransmitter instability as a consequence of intellectual harm caused by the shot. Depression is a well-documented sequela of shot. Based on pooled informations from published prevalence surveies ( Robinson 2003 ) , the average prevalence of depression among in-patients in ague or rehabilitation scenes was 19.3 % and 18.5 % for major and minor depression severally while, among persons in community scenes, average prevalence for major and minor depression was reported to be 14.1 % and 9.1 % . Among patients included in outpatient surveies, mean reported prevalence was 23.3 % for major depression and 15 % for minor depression ( Robinson 2003 ) . Overall average prevalence ranged from 31.8 % in the community surveies to 35.5 % in the ague and rehabilitation infirmary surveies. A recent systematic reappraisal of prospective, experimental surveies of post-stroke depression ( Hackett et al. 2005 ) reported that 33 % of shot subsisters exhibit depressive symptoms at some clip following shot ( acute, medium-term or long-run followup ) . Estimates of prevalence may be affected by the clip from shot onset until appraisal. In fact, the highest rates of incident depression have been reported in the first month following shot ( Andersen et al. 1995, Aben et Al. 2003, Bhogal et Al. 2004, Morrison et Al. 2005, Aben et Al. 2006 ) . Paolucci et Al. ( 2005 ) reported that, of 1064 patients included in the DESTRO survey, 36 % developed depression of whch 80 per centum of them developed depression within the first three station stroke months ( Paolucci et al. 2005 ) . The incidence of major depression may diminish over the first 2 old ages following shot ( Astrom et al. 1993, Verdelho et Al. 2004 ) but minor depression tends to prevail or instead addition over the above mentioned clip period ( Burvill et al. 1995 ; Berg et Al. 2003, Verdelho et Al. 2004 ) . Berg et Al. ( 2003 ) reported about one-half of the persons sing depression during the acute stage station shot, to see it in the resulting one and half twelvemonth ; nevertheless, more adult females than work forces have been identified in the acute stage while there is a male predomination in the latter half period ( Berg et al. 2003 ) . The survey of temper upsets after shot has focused mostly on depression. Reported prevalence of PSD varies widely, though most surveies place prevalence between 20 and 50 % , and indicate that depression persists 3-6 months poststroke ( Fedoroff, Starkstein, Parikh, Price, & A ; Robinson, 1991 ; Hosking, Marsh, & A ; Friedman et al, 2000 ; Lyketsos, Treisman, Lipsey, Morris, & A ; Robinson, 1998 ; Parikh, Lipsey, Robinson, & A ; Price, 1988 ; Schubert, et al 1992 ; Schwartz et al. , 1993 ; Starkstein, Bryer, Berthier, & A ; Cohen, 1991 ; Starkstein & A ; Robinson, 1991a, 1991b ) . PSD has a negative impact on instance human death and rehabilitation ( Whyte & A ; Mulsant, 2002 ) , and functional results ( Herrmann, Black, Lawrence, Szekely, & A ; Szalai, 1998 ) . In contrast, PSA has merely late begun to be investigated ( Castillo, Schultz, & A ; Robinson, 1995 ; Castillo, Starkstein, Fedoroff, & A ; Price, 1993 ; Chemerinski & A ; Robinson, 2000 ; Dennis, O'Rourke, Lewis, Sharpe, & A ; Warlow, 2000 ; Robinson, 1997, 1998 ; Shimoda & A ; Robinson, 1998 ) with prevalence studies runing from 4 to 28 % ( Astrom, 1996 ; House et al. , 1991 ) . As with PSD, the class of PSA has been found to stay reasonably changeless up to 3 old ages post stroke ( Astrom, 1996 ; Robinson, 1998 ) . Co-morbidity of PSA and PSD is high, with every bit many as 85 % of people with generalized anxiousness holding co-morbid depression during the 3 old ages post stroke ( Castillo et al. , 1993, 1995 ) . Previously depression was found to be frequent in immature patients ( Neau et al. 1998 ) , while in some surveies ( Sharpe et al. 1994, kotila et Al. 1998 ) it has been related to old age. Lack or societal support and both functional and cognitive damage may increase the hazard of depressive upset in the elsderly ( Sharpe et al. 1994 ) . Robinson et Al in 1984 studied patients of shot in 2 groups in relation to onset of of depression, group of patients with acute oncoming of depression, within few hebdomads after shot and 2nd group with delayed oncoming of depression over 24 months and found no difference in clinical characteristics or class of depression in the two groups. In 1986 Lapse et al compared a group of patients with PSD with 43 platinums with functional depression that the two groups did non differ in the symptom profile of depression is the important determination in their survey. Although post-stroke depression ( PSD ) is a common effect of shot, hazard factors for the development of PSD have non been clearly delineated. In a recent systematic reappraisal, Hackett and Anderson ( 2005 ) included informations from a sum of 21 surveies ( Table 18.2 ) . Of the many different variables assessed, physical disablement, stroke badness and cognitive damage were most systematically associated with depression. In an earlier reappraisal of 9 prospective surveies analyzing post-stroke depression, the hazard factors identified most systematically as increasing an person ‘s hazard for post-stroke depression included a past history of psychiatric morbidity, societal isolation, functional damage, populating entirely and dysphasia ( Ouimet et al. 2001 ) . Since the clip of the Hackett et Al. ( 2005 ) and Ouimet et Al. ( 2001 ) reviews, more recent surveies have confirmed the importance of badness of initial neurological shortage and physical disablement as forecasters of the development of depression after shot ( Carota et al. 2005, Christensen et Al. 2009 ) . In add-on, Storor and Byrne ( 2006 ) examined post-stroke depression in the acute stage ( within14 yearss of shot oncoming ) and identified important associations between prestrike neurosis ( OR = 3.69, 95 % CI 1.25 – 10.92 ) and a past history of mental upsets ( OR = 10.26, 95 % CI 3.02 – 34.86 ) and the presence of dep ressive symptoms.Stroke Location and Depression:There have been 2 meta-analyses analyzing this relationship ( Singh et al. 1998, Carson et Al. 2000 ) . Singh et Al. ( 1998 ) conducted a critical assessment on the importance of lesion location in post-stroke depression. The writers consistently selected 26 original articles that examined lesion location and post-stroke depression. Thirteen of the 26 articles satisfied inclusion standard ( Table 18.3 ) . Six of those surveies found no important difference in depression between right and left hemisphere lesions. Two surveies found that right-sided lesions were more likely to be associated with depression and 4 surveies found that left-sided lesions were more likely to be associated with post-stroke depression. Merely one survey matched patients with and without depression for lesion location and size to place non-lesion hazard factors. Consequently, Singh et Al. ( 1998 ) were unable to do any unequivocal decisions refering shot lesion location and the hazard for depression. Carson et Al. ( 2000 ) undertook a systematic reappraisal to see the association between post-stroke depression and lesion location. All studies on the association of poststroke depression with location of encephalon lesions were included in the reappraisal. In entire 48 studies were included for reappraisal ( Table 18.4 ) . The writers of the reappraisal identified 38 studies that found no important difference in hazard of depression between lesion sites ; 2 reported an increased hazard of poststroke depression with left-sided lesions ; 7 reported increased hazard with right-sided lesions ; and one study demonstrated an association between depression and lesions in the right parietal part or the left frontal part. Robinson & A ; Szetela ( 1981USA ) : 18 patients with left hemispheric shot were compared to 11 patients with traumatic encephalon hurt for frequence and badness of depression, More than 60 % of the shot patients had clinically important depression compared with approximately 20 % of the injury patients. Hermann et Al. ( 1995 Germany ) : 47 patients with individual demarcated one-sided lesions were selected for survey. Clinical scrutiny, CT scan scrutiny and psychiatric appraisal were performed within a 2-month period after the acute shot. No important differences in depression tonss noted between patients with left and right hemisphere lesions. Major depression was exhibited in 9 patients with left hemispheric shots all affecting the basal ganglia. None of the patients with right hemispheric shots exhibited a major depression. Morris et Al. ( 1996a Australia ) : 44 first-ever shot patients with individual lesions on CT were examined for the presence of post-stroke depression, badness of depression and its relationship to lesion location. Patients with left hemisphere prefrontal or basal ganglia constructions had a significantly higher frequence of depressive upset than other left hemispheric lesions or those with right hemispheric lesions. Based on the consequences of a meta-analysis conducted by Bhogal et Al. ( 2004 ) , there appears to be some grounds that depression following shot may be related to the anatomical site of encephalon harm, although the nature of this anatomic relationship is non wholly clear ( Bhogal et al. 2004 ; Figure 18.1 ) . The John Hopkins Group ( Lipsey et al. 1983, Robinson & A ; Szetela 1981, Robinson & A ; Price 1982, Robinson et Al. 1982, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1987 ) carried out a series of surveies researching the relationship of post-stroke depression to the location of the lesion within the encephalon itself. They found that in a selected group of shot patients, similar to those admitted to a shot rehabilitation unit, depression appeared to be more frequent in patients with left hemispheric lesions ( Robinson & A ; Szetela 1981, Robinson & A ; Price 1982, Robinson 1986, Robinson et al 1987 ) . Among these patients, the badness of depression correlated reciprocally withthe distance of the lesion from the frontal poles ( Robinson & A ; Szetela 1981, Robinson & A ; Price 1982, Robinson et Al. 1982,1983, 1984, 1986, 1987, Starkstein et al. 1987 ) . Patients with subcortical, cerebellar or brainstem lesions had much shorter-lasting depressions than patients with cortical lesions ( Starkstein et Al. 1987,1988 ) . The correlativity of major depression to the propinquity of the lesion to the frontal pole has been confirmed by Sinyor et Al. ( 1986 ) and Eastwood ( 1989 ) . Right hemispheric lesions failed to show a similar relationship with depression. Interestingly, in one survey, patients who had both an anxiousness upset and a major depression showed a significantly higher frequence of cortical lesions, while patients with major depression merely had a significantly higher frequence of subcortical ( radical ganglia ) shot ( Starkstein et al. 1987 ) . Finally, the two big systematic reappraisals by Singh et Al. ( 1998 ) and Carson et Al. ( 2000 ) referred to antecedently, failed to happen a relationship between the shot lesion site and depression. Recent studies have suggested that psychosocial hazard factors including age, sex and functional damage or old history of psychiatric perturbation are greater subscribers to the development of PSD than lesion location ( Singh et al. 2000, Berg et Al. 2003, Carota et Al. 2004, Aben et Al. 2006 ) . While the literature on PSA remains in its babyhood, the literature has begun to analyze its relationship to similar demographic, hurt, cognitive, and physical features as those examined for PSD. In footings of hurt features, PSA correlates signii ¬?cantly with right hemisphere lesions, while co-morbid PSA and PSD are linked to go forth hemisphere lesions ( Astrom, 1996 ) . Castillo et Al. ( 1993 ) found anxiousness more prevalent in association with posterior right hemisphere lesions, whereas worry without anxiousness upset was associated with anterior lesions. Those surveies that have found relationships between PSA and age and gender study that adult females ( Morrison, Johnston, & A ; Walter, 2000 ; Schultz, Castillo, Kosier, & A ; Robinson, 1997 ) and younger patients ( & lt ; 59 old ages ) are more susceptible to PSA ( Schultz et al. , 1997 ) , while others report no signii ¬?cant relationship ( Dennis et al. , 2000 ) . Most surveies that have examined cognitive map and PSA have besides assessed physical damage. Castillo et Al. ( 1993, 1995 ) study that PSA is non signii ¬?cantly correlated with physical operation, cognitive operation, or societal operation. While some writers likewise report no signii ¬?cant correlativity ( Starkstein et al. , 1990 ) , others report that anxiousness is linked to greater damage in activities of day-to-day populating both acutely and up to 3 old ages post stroke ( Schultz et al. , 1997 ) . To day of the month, few surveies have examined both depression and anxiousness station shot, or their differential relationships to these factors. Suzanne L. Barker-Collo ( 2007 ) found in his survey Prevalence rates for moderate to severe depression and anxiousness in the present sample were 22.8 and 21.1 % , severally. That left hemisphere lesion was related to increased likeliness of depression and anxiousness is consistent with the literature if one considers 3 months to be within the acute stage of recovery ( Astrom, 1996 ; Astrom et al. , 1993 ; Bhogal et al. , 2004 ) . There is a dearth of literature about Body Dysmorphic Disorder ( BDD ) in station shot person.Aim and aims:To depict psychiatric profile of the patient with amputation and comparison with station shot patient.Materials and methods:Study was carried out in outpatient and inpatient section of orthopedicss, plastic surgery, general medical specialty at Govt. Stanley Medical College.Time period of survey:From may 2012 to October 2012 ( 6months )Design of survey:Case -control surveyChoice of sample:A sum of 30 patient consecutively chosen, organize the sample for instances and back-to-back sample of 30 patient with shot constitute the control group. Patient were assessed within the period of two to six hebdomads after amputation and shot.Inclusion and Exclusion standards:Cases ( Patients with amputation )INCLUSION CRITERIA:Patients who underwent elected every bit good as exigency amputation. Age between 18 old ages to 60 old ages.Exclusion Standards:Patients with age less than 18 old ages and with age more than 60 old ages Previous history of psychiatric unwellness Patients with history of psychiatric unwellness before the amputation Patients with other medical unwellnessControlsINCLUSION CRITERIA:Patients with shot Age between 18 old ages to 60 old ages.Exclusion Standards:Patients with age less than 18 old ages and with age more than 60 old ages Previous history of psychiatric unwellness Patients with history of psychiatric unwellness before the oncoming of shot Patients with other medical unwellnessTools used:A structured interview agenda to analyze the demographics, clinical characteristics and other relevant factors in history. General Health Questionnair ( GHQ-28 ) Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale ( HADS ) Hamilton Depression evaluation Scale ( HDRS/HAM-D ) Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale ( BPRS ) Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale for Body Dysmorphic Disorder. ( YBOCS-BDD )General Health Questionnaire ( GHQ 28 )The GHQ 28 was developed by Goldberg in 1978, Developed as a shouting tool to observe those likely to hold or to crush hazard of developing psychiatric upset. GHQ 28 is a 28 point steps of emotional depression medical scenes, through factor analysis GHQ 28 has been divided into 4 subscales. They are: Bodily symptoms ( 1-7 ) Anxiety/insomnia ( 8-14 ) Social disfunction ( 15-21 ) Severe depression ( 22-28 ) Each point is occupied by 4 possible responses non at all, no more than usual, instead more than usual and much more than usual. There are different methods to hit GHQ 28. It can be scored from 0-3 for each response with a entire possible mark on the runing from 0-84. Using this method, a entire mark of 23/24 is the threshold for the presence of hurt. Alternatively to GHQ 28 can be scored with a binary method where non at all and no more than usual mark 0, and instead more than usual and much more than usual mark 1, utilizing this method any mark above 4 indicates the presence of hurt. Numerous surveies have investigated dependability and cogency of the GHQ 28 in assorted clinical populations. Test-Retest dependability has been reported to be high ( 0.78+00.09 ) ( Robinson and monetary value ( 1982 ) and intra rater and inter rater dependability have both been shown to be first-class ( crnballi ‘s 20.9-0.95 ) . High internal consistences have besides been reported. ( Failde and Ramos 2000 ) . GHQ 28 correlatives good with the infirmary depression and anxiousness graduated table ( HADS ) ( Sakakibara 2009 ) and other steps of depression ( Robinson and monetary value 1982 ) .Hospital anxiousness and depression graduated table ( HADS )HADS was originally developed by Zigmond and snaitn ( 1983 ) , it is normally used to find the degrees of anxiousness and depression. Sum of 14 points in that 7 points for anxiousness and 7 for depression. Each point on the questionnaire is scored from 0-3 and this means that individual can hit between 0 and 21 for either anxiousne ss or depression. ( Scale used is a likes mark and the bow informations returned from the HADS is ordinal informations ) and subdivided into mild 8-10, moderate 11-15 and terrible greater or equal to 16. Internal consistence has been found to be first-class for the anxiousness ( 2-85 ) and adequate for the depression graduated table and besides has equal cogency for anxiousness HADS gave a specificity of 0.78 sensitiveness of 0.9. For depression this gave specificity of 0.78 and sensitiveness of 0.83.Hamilton Rating Scale for DepressionThe Hamilton evaluation graduated table for depression ( HAMD ) , developed by M.Hamilton is the most widely used evaluation graduated table to measure the symptoms of depression. The HAMD is a observer rated scale consisting of 17 to 21 points ( separately 2 portion points, weight and denary fluctuation ) . Rating is based on clinical interview, plus any extra variable information such as household members study. The points are rated on either 0-4 spectrum or a 0-2 spectrum. The HAM-D relies rather to a great extent on the clinical interviewing teguments and experience of rater in measuring persons with depressive unwellness. As most patients score zero on rare points in depression ( Depersonalization and compulsion and paranoiac symptoms ) , the entire mark on HAMD by and large consists of merely amount of first 17 points. The strength of the HAMD is first-class proof research base and easiness of disposal. Its usage is limited in person who have psychiatric upset other than primary depressionScoring0-7 aNormal 8-13 aMild depression 14-18 aModerate depression 19-22 asevere depression Greater than 23 aVery terrible depressionsBrief psychiatric evaluation accomplishment ( BPRS )Developed by JE overall and Dr.Gorhav in 1962 it is widely used comparatively brief graduated table that measures major psychotic and non psychotic symptoms in single with major psychiatric upset, peculiarly Scurophressia. The 18 points BPRS is possibly the most researched instrument in psychopathology. 18 points rated on 1-7. Items are divided into observed and reported points.Observed ItemsReported ItemsEmotional backdown Bodily concern Conceptual disorganisation Anxiety Tension Guilt feeling Idiosyncrasy and Posturing Depressive temper Motor deceleration Hostility Uncooperativeness Suspicion Blunted affect Hallucinatory behaviour Exhilaration Unusual tuocyn content Disorientation Strengths of the graduated table includes is brevity, easiness of disposal, broad usage and good rescanned position.Yale Brown Obsessive compulsive Scale for BDDYBOCS is a test/scale to rate the badness of OCD symptoms. Scale was designed by Dr.Wayne Goodman and his co-workers, is used extensively in research and clinical pattern. Modified YBOCS graduated table is used to mensurate to badness of symptoms of compulsion and irresistible impulse in a patient holding pre business with sensed defect in visual aspect ( BDD ) . It is a 12 point instrument consisting 5 inquiries on preoccupation and 5 inquiries on compulsive behavior, one on penetration and one on turning away. More specifically it assesses clip occupied by preoccupation with the sensed defect in visual aspect, intervention in operation, hurt, opposition and control. Similar buildings are assessed for compulsive behavior. Similar to the YBOCS for OCD, each points on the YBOCS-BDD measured on the 5 point likert graduated table with higher mark denoting progressively psycho-pathology. Mark on this 12 points ranges from 0-48 the YBOCS-BDD has been shown to hold good inter rated dependability, trial retest dependability and internal consistence. It has besides shown to be sensitive to alter. It was developed as mensurating badness of BDD symptoms instead than as a diagnostic tool. It should be noted that, scale first 3 points reflect the DSM IV diagnostic standards for BDD. The advantage or BDD-YBOCS is that it assists in comparing clients across surveies. It is based on the YBOCS and is hence curicitically bound to a theoretical account of an obsessional compulsive ghosts disorder. An of import different between YBOCS BDD and YBOCS for OCD is that the ideas about the organic structure defect combine the evaluation for both the stimulation and knowledge response. In OCD Rumination would be rated under the irresistible impulse.ProcedureA sum of 30 patients amputation consecutively chosen signifier to try for instances and a at the same time sample 30 patient with shot constitute to command group who free make full the exclusion and inclusion standards were taken for survey. A written informed concern was obtained. HAMD, BPRS, HADS, GHQ-28, YBOCS-BDD graduated tables were administered after clinically measuring as per 1CD-10 diagnostic standards.Ethical commission blessingThe survey was submitted for ethical commission blessing on at Govt. Stanley infirma ry and blessing was obtained.Statistical methodThe information collected will be entered in excel marker sheet and analysis utilizing SPSS for this different in frequence distribution and other evaluations on different steps appropriate statistical trial seen as t trial, cui square trial are employed. The socio demographical profile and HAMD, YBOCS BDD, HADS, BPRS GHQ-28 graduated tables were given in frequences with their percentage.HAMD, HADS, BPRS, GHQ-28, YBOCS BDD scores difference between instances and controls were analyzed utilizing chi- square trial. The place of the topic in instances and control were analyzed utilizing cui-square trial. The Association between socio demographic, psychiatric upset was analyzed utilizing cui-square trial. Incidence of psychiatric morbidity off amputees was given in per centum 95 % assurance interval.